<p>Coorooman is a heritage-listed detached house at 38 Dorchester Street, South Brisbane, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was built in the 1860s. It is also known as The Grange. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Coorooman, a single-storeyed timber residence with attic and basement, was constructed by, when it was known as Grange House. Materials and stylistic details suggest it was erected much earlier, probably in the 1860s.</p><br>
<p>Portion 147, a 9-acre parcel which included the Grange House site, was alienated in 1856 by Thomas Blacket Stephens. Portion 147 was part of approximately 125 acres - most of the land between what is now Stephen&#39;s Road and Gladstone Road, and from Vulture Street to Gloucester Street - alienated by TB Stephens at this period. Stephens erected the first Cumbooquepa (Somerville House) on this land, and may have erected Grange House as well, which would account for its northern orientation to Vulture Street.</p><br>
<p>Stephens subdivided portion 147 about 1863, and title to the Grange House site of 24.8 perches (subdivisions 16 and 17), fronting the newly created Water Street West to the south and overlooking the Brisbane River to the north, was transferred to Helen Bell and her sister Ann Paton Love, in April 1863. The Love family retained title to this property until the late 1870s, but do not appear to have lived there.</p><br>
<p>In 1882 title passed to Janet Burns, and she and her husband John were resident at Grange House by the following year. He was a merchant in business with his brother, James, who established the trading and mercantile firm of Burns, Philp & Co. Ltd in 1883. John Burns died in 1884, but Grange House remained the property of the Burns family until 1912, during which time it was mostly rented to middle class tenants.</p><br>
<p>Lionel Clive Ball acquired the property in 1912, and renamed the house Coorooman. Ball became chief government geologist in 1931 and pioneered the geological mapping of Queensland based on aerial photography. The Ball family held the property until 1956.</p><br>
<p>Coorooman remains a substantially intact, mid-19th century residence.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Coorooman is a substantial timber residence situated on a ridge at South Brisbane overlooking the Brisbane River. The house is oriented to the north and Vulture Street, but from at least 1865, the site has been accessed from Dorchester Street to the south.</p><br>
<p>The core is rectangular in form, with an encircling verandah, a highly pitched gabled-roof (originally shingled but now clad with corrugated iron), attic rooms and a brick basement. Parts of the verandah have been enclosed. Decorative elements include scalloped barge boards, turned finials with twisted lightning conductors, distinctive arched dormer windows, turned cedar verandah balusters and two classically moulded chimney heads. Internally, much of the original cedar joinery survives.</p><br>
<p>There are four rooms on the main floor and another four rooms in the attic. These are lit by windows in the dormers and in the gable ends. The brick foundations contain two large basement rooms, one of which was used as LC Ball&#39;s photographic darkroom.</p><br>
<p>To the southeast of the main building is a formerly detached timber wing containing kitchen and staff quarters.</p><br>
<p>The grounds contain part of an early slab fence, and plantings include a Norfolk Island pine thought to date to.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Coorooman was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Coorooman, erected by, is significant historically for its association with the mid-19th century expansion of middle-class residential settlement on the ridges of South Brisbane, overlooking the Brisbane River.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>It remains substantially intact, and is an important example of an early gothic-style house in Brisbane.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>Coorooman occupies a prominent position, and is important as one of Brisbane&#39;s commanding hilltop houses which contributes significantly to the townscape of South Brisbane.</p><br>
<p>Queensland National Bank Building is a heritage-listed former bank at 39 Melbourne Street, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Addison & MacDonald and built in 1929 by Albert Stonadge & Son. It is also known as Ng House. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 26 May 2000.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The building was originally constructed as the South Brisbane branch of the Queensland National Bank. Constructed by local builders, A Stonadge and Son, to a design by Addison and MacDonald, the new premises at 39 Melbourne Street was opened for business on 31 July 1929.</p><br>
<p>The land on which the building was to be constructed was one of thirty allotments sold in the Brisbane land boom of 1854. The Deed of Grant for the land was acquired on 11 May 1854 by William John Loudon. As it was situated within the town limits drawn up in 1846, the allotment was affected by each of the major urban developments on the South Brisbane peninsula such as the development of the public transport systems, the declaration of the first-class urban areas and the widening of the major arterial roads (Melbourne and Grey Streets). It was also one of the many areas inundated by the floods of the 1890s. Subdivision of the original blocks was underway by 1870 and allotment 1 section 15, of which this site is a part, was acquired by Patrick Maunsell on 3 March 1871. It was sold by Maunsell&#39;s widow in 1897 and passed through several hands until the site was acquired by Janet Mearns Pike and Richard Pike in 1912.</p><br>
<p>The economic development of South Brisbane was reflected in the various properties which occupied the site prior to the construction of the bank in the late 1920s. These included boarding establishments in the late 19th and early 20th centuries which served the needs of workers and visitors to the city until 1917. The more diversified nature of commerce in the area from that time is reflected in the tenancy of the Pikes Building which was constructed by 1917. The State Department of Works leased the site in 1917 and various state offices including the Chief Protector of Aboriginals and the Department of Water Supply were situated there. In 1925, the whole of the site was resumed by the South Brisbane City Council. It passed to the Brisbane Municipal Council and, in 1927, part of the land was dedicated for road purposes. Resubdivision of the land followed and sub 3 of allotment 1 of section 15 was sold to the Queensland National Bank in September 1927. The Architecture and Building Journal of Queensland in July 1927 describes the "corner purchased by the Queensland National Bank as one of the gem positions of the whole business thoroughfare".</p><br>
<p>Brisbane City Council approved a new building for the Queensland National Bank Ltd, Queen Street, Brisbane in October 1928. Architects advertised for tenders and in the A & B Journal of Queensland, November 19, 1928, advertised that Albert Stonadge and Son&#39;s tender had been successful. The building cost just over £339. From 22 May 1928, the bank had occupied temporary premises in the adjacent Trocadero Building in Melbourne Street.</p><br>
<p>Situated on the corner of one of the three distinct shopping centres which developed in South Brisbane in the early twentieth century, Baynard&#39;s Corner Melbourne Street, the Queensland National Bank was ideally placed to capitalise on the industrial and commercial development on the South Brisbane Peninsula. The construction of the South Brisbane Branch of the Queensland National Bank may have reflected the determined drive by the Bank to increase its market share in Queensland and to acquire the custom of the importers and merchants of the cities.</p><br>
<p>The business potential of the Queensland National Bank many not have benefited to the same extent as that of its rival from the major developments in transport in the area; however, its drive to acquire the business of merchants and importers may well have been served by the up-grading of transport facilities in the area. These included the relocation of the in-bound lane of the tramway from Stanley Street to Grey Street in 1918. From that time, all in-bound trams from West End, Dutton Park, Ipswich Road, Coorparoo, Greenslopes and Balmoral stopped at the Bayards corner intersection where the bank was situated. When the Melbourne Street railway station became the terminus for both the interstate line through Kyogle as well as the southside commuter services, access to potential clients would have been increased considerably.</p><br>
<p>The South Brisbane branch was one of a number of suburban branches established in the 1920s. Its move into the area reflects the banks optimism and confidence in the potential of the locale and its desire to capture a large slice of Queenslands financial markets - a confidence and desire which it apparently shared with its counterpart and rival, the Commonwealth Bank of Australia whose banking chambers adjoined. The building in both its aspect and architecture reflects both the optimism for the future and the competitive drive which several of the banks were exhibiting at this time.</p><br>
<p>In July 1949, title passed from the Queensland National Bank to the National Bank of Australasia, who held the property until 1978, when the branch was closed. Title to the land changed several times until the property was purchased by the current owners in 1983.</p><br>
<p>The former Queensland National Bank, South Brisbane Branch was identified as a Place of Contributory Significance in Brisbane City Council&#39;s 1993 Heritage Study of the South Brisbane, West End and Mater Hill areas. The Heritage Study was prepared as part of the South Brisbane Development Control Plan.</p><br>
<p>In 2016, the building is occupied by accountancy company Roger Ng & Co and the building is known as Ng House.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The former Queensland National Bank, South Brisbane Branch is a two storey rendered brick building with a corrugated iron roof partly concealed by a decorative, moulded parapet with a dentilled cornice.</p><br>
<p>The building turns the corner between Melbourne and Grey Streets in three stages. Every change in angle occurs between a pair of pilasters. The eastern facade, along Grey Street, is divided into five bays by paired giant order pilasters. A paired, copper door is located along Grey Street topped by a classical entablature with a row of dentils. A similar entablature can be seen over a second entry at the right hand bay of the Grey Street frontage. The southern facade, along Melbourne Street is divided into two bays by pilasters. Double hung sash windows are located on both the ground and first floors. Recessed, square copper panels are placed between the upper and lower windows.</p><br>
<p>Internally, the building has undergone refurbishments on both the ground and first floors. The entrance foyer has a decorative plaster ceiling and cornices. An archway with recent decorative timber work opens to a hallway from which offices open on each side. Original timber doors, with breezeway assembly, remain in offices along the eastern wall. The original strong room is located in the northwestern corner of the ground floor.</p><br>
<p>A staircase, with a copper handrail, leads to the first floor landing which has an original cast iron railing. A downpipe has been retained in the southwestern wall on the first floor. The first floor offices are currently unoccupied.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The former Queensland National Bank (South Brisbane Branch) was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 26 May 2000 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The building is significant as it provides evidence of the contribution made by the building program of Queensland banks in the late 1920s, to the Queensland economy, reflecting the strength and solidity associated with the bank it represented.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>As a surviving remnant of the former scale of the South Brisbane area, which has been substantially altered due to development, the former bank is significant for its rarity.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>Aesthetically significant, the former Queensland National Bank, along with the adjacent former Commonwealth Bank building, contributes to the Grey Street streetscape. Situated on the corner of Melbourne and Grey Streets, it is a prominent landmark in the South Brisbane area, reflected in its inclusion in the Brisbane City Council&#39;s Heritage Study of the South Brisbane, West End and Mater Hill areas.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>A purpose-built bank, constructed as the South Brisbane branch of the Queensland National Bank, the building is significant for its association with past and present clients of this major Queensland and Australian banking institution.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The former Queensland National Bank, South Brisbane Branch significant for its association with Brisbane architectural firm Addison and MacDonald who designed the building and with local building firm A Stonadge and Son.</p><br>
<p>St Mary&#39;s Catholic Church is a heritage-listed Roman Catholic church at 20 Merivale Street , South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Simkin & Ibler and built from 1892 to 1929. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 3 December 2004.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>St Mary&#39;s Catholic Church, South Brisbane, is a late nineteenth century rendered brick church designed by Brisbane architects, Simkin and Ibler and constructed by Woollam and Norman in 1892-1893. At the time of its opening on 2 July 1893 construction of the church was not finalised. The proposed tower, transepts and chancel were never built and it was not until 1929 a permanent sanctuary was added to the eastern end of the church to the design of architects Cavanagh and Cavanagh. The former Presbytery (now parish house), built at about the same time as the church, was completed by February 1893.</p><br>
<p>St Mary&#39;s was the second Catholic Church to be built in South Brisbane and was built adjacent to the first church, a small wooden chapel erected in 1865. The chapel was expanded in 1868 when two aisles were added almost doubling its size. Sparsely inhabited in 1861, the population was only 1080, South Brisbane was a small but growing residential suburb. By 1871 the number of inhabitants had increased to 4222.</p><br>
<p>In the 1880s, Brisbane experienced an economic and building boom and South Brisbanes population trebled, reaching 22,849 in 1891. The connection of the rail network and the development of commercial, industrial and dockside activities on the southern banks of the river further contributed to South Brisbanes growth. The Municipality of South Brisbane was declared in 1888. As residential suburbs expanded the population of the old municipality of Brisbane decreased, by more than 2000 between 1886 and 1891.</p><br>
<p>The expansion of the population meant that the chapel was no longer adequate to the needs of the South Brisbane congregation and a meeting was held in August 1889 to discuss the construction of a new and larger church. The Catholic Church had begun acquiring allotments adjoining the original church reserve in 1884 and by 1889 it had amassed considerable land at the northwest end of the block bounded by Cordelia, Peel and Merivale Streets. Fund raising for the construction of a new church commenced in 1890 and by the end of 1891 half the cost of the building had been collected. Architects Simkin and Ibler produced drawings of the proposed church. An imposing edifice with Italianate and Romanesque revival details, it was designed to accommodate a congregation of 800 people.</p><br>
<p>George Simkin and John Ibler were architects practising in Brisbane in the 1880s who joined in partnership from 1889 to 1894. One of their early projects, the Breakfast Creek Hotel is a well-known Brisbane landmark. Much of their work together was for the Roman Catholic Church and included important commissions such as Dara, Archbishop Dunnes residence at Petrie Bight, St Stephens Roman Catholic Girls School in Charlotte Street and a convent for the Sisters of Mercy, now known as Cloisters (Our Lady of Assumption Convent, Warwick), at Warwick. Simkin and Ibler worked in a variety of architectural styles and their designs are noted for an eclectic, sometimes flamboyant, use of ornament. At St Marys, described at the time of opening as having the Basilica form of plan and an architectural style derived from "a phase of early Italian", ornamental details drawn from a variety of sources are elegantly combined to enliven a traditional plan and arrangement. The style of the church, which combines Romanesque and Renaissance revival elements, was not common at the time as most nineteenth century churches were designed in the Gothic revival style.</p><br>
<p>Cardinal Patrick Francis Moran laid the foundation stone of the new church on 25 September 1892 in a ceremony attended by Archbishop Robert Dunne (Brisbane), Archbishop Thomas Carr (Melbourne) and other high-ranking clergy. Blessed and opened by Archbishop Dunne on 2 July 1893, St Marys cost £2,150 to build. Despite the economic crisis and devastating floods of the early 1890s £1473 had already been raised for the project and a further £400 was collected at the opening. Due to the limited funds only part of the proposed church was built, the nave and aisles. The concrete rendering was postponed and several parts of the building including the eastern end and the rose window were temporarily constructed from timber. A description of the church as it appeared at its opening, noted the ample provision made for ventilation and the high altar installed in the new church that had previously been used at St Stephens Cathedral.</p><br>
<p>The presence of St Marys in South Brisbane in the 1890s reflects to some extent the character of South Brisbane at the time. The Roman Catholic Church drew much of its membership from the Irish and the proletariat, and it was linked to the labour movement. Though South Brisbane attracted some of Brisbanes elite because of its proximity to the city and elevated home sites, South Brisbane in the 1890s had a reputation as a "workingmans suburb". Most of the names on St. Marys baptism register at the turn of the century were Irish.</p><br>
<p>From 1866 the original chapel had been a dual-purpose building also functioning as a school. After the opening of the new church it continued to be used as a school until 1909 when substantial new school buildings were built on the southwest portion of the site. The chapel then served as the infant&#39;s school until 1926 when extensions to the school incorporated rooms for infants. A substantial bell housed in a timber belfry was erected in 1914 adjacent to the church and in 1915 a convent for the Sisters of Mercy was constructed, diagonally opposite the school on the corner of Cordelia and Peel Streets.</p><br>
<p>The most significant change to the church since its construction in 1893 was the completion of the sanctuary, including vestry and sacristy, in December 1929. Designed by Cavanagh and Cavanagh Architects in a similar manner to the original building, the sanctuary was constructed of reinforced concrete and brick by B. Robinson. The third Archbishop of Brisbane, James Duhig, officially opened the additions. The interior of the chancel with its marble wall linings and altar rails, terrazzo floors, domed plaster ceiling and stained glass windows was more ornate than the rest of the church. A new marble altar by sculptor and monumental mason, Frank Williams of Ipswich, who carried out all the marble work, was installed. The original chapel, no longer required for school purposes, was demolished at this time.</p><br>
<p>In 1938, the presbytery was completely renovated. Mr. F. Chamberlain of Toowoomba was appointed as architect. The renovations were blessed by the Rev. Dr. J. English. The appearance of the building must have been altered quite dramatically. The Archbishop expressed amazement at the alteration and the current building bears little resemblance to the original. The original gabled roof appears to have been altered to a hipped roof.</p><br>
<p>With the influx of Catholic immigrants into the area after World War Two, St Marys became an important gathering place for a number of ethnic groups. Prior to the war the Lebanese community had used the church for Mass, which was said by their own priest, until their church in Ernest Street was constructed. A variety of Catholic communities, who lived initially in South Brisbane after emigrating, were invited to use the church. Italian, Dutch, Polish, Lithuanian and Slovenian people attended St Marys for services conducted by their own priests. The Dutch Mens Choir performed at the church during the 1950s and 1960s. As late as 1993, the Lithuanian and Slovenian communities regularly met at the church. The Lithuanians conducted a regular Sunday Mass. The Slovenians, whose priest lived in Sydney, used the church less frequently. A plaque in Lithuanian is mounted on a wall at St Marys.</p><br>
<p>The school closed in 1964 and the school, convent and belfry have since been demolished. The St Vincent de Paul centre now occupies the site of the school. Of the original complex of buildings at St Mary&#39;s only the church and presbytery, which has been substantially altered, remain. The former presbytery is not considered to be of cultural heritage significance.</p><br>
<p>In 2008, the church was the subject of controversy when the Roman Catholic Archbishop of Brisbane John Bathersby removed the churchs long-serving priest Peter Kennedy following complaints that he was not observing standard Roman Catholic teachings and practices. Many of his parishioners left the church with him to continue holding services as St Marys Community in Exile at the Trades and Labour Council building on Peel Street (200m away).</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>St Mary&#39;s Catholic Church is situated on a large corner block at the intersection of Merivale and Peel Streets in a light industrial and commercial area of the inner Brisbane suburb of South Brisbane. An imposing rendered masonry building with corrugated iron roofs the church is located on the highest part of the site near the western corner. The front of the church faces northwest onto Peel Street. Formerly occupied by an earlier church, the northern portion of the site adjacent to the church and closest to the street intersection is now a car park with some landscaping. In the eastern part of the site facing onto Merivale Street is the former presbytery, a timber building on stumps with corrugated iron hip roofs. The former presbytery is not considered to be of cultural heritage significance.</p><br>
<p>St Mary&#39;s Catholic Church consists of a wide high central space or nave, narrower aisles on each side of the nave, and a semicircular chancel. A proposed bell tower and transepts were never built. The nave, a double height space with a clerestory, projects forward of the single storey side aisles to form the main facade or liturgical west front of the church. Terminating the longitudinal axis of the nave at the liturgical eastern end is the projecting semicircular chancel. Small rooms, the sacristy and vestry, flank the chancel on the north and south. The nave is roofed by a simple timber framed gable roof with gabled ventilators and the aisles by lean-to roofs. The chancel, sacristy and vestry, all additions at the rear of the church, have smaller separate roofs that are largely concealed by parapet walls. The arrangement and form of the church is based on the traditional model of the basilica, originally a type of Roman public building that early Christians adapted for worship.</p><br>
<p>Described at the time of its completion as being built in a style of architecture based on early Italian, the church has a form and architectural features that are associated with the Romanesque revival but includes a variety of details drawn from other styles. The most characteristic feature of Romanesque architecture is the use of the round arch. Other distinguishing motifs that are used at St Mary&#39;s include the wheel or rose window, a frieze that contains a blind arcade, string courses and a type of arched corbel motif known as mock machicolation.</p><br>
<p>The liturgical west front of the church, which actually faces northwest, is simple in form but richly embellished with architectural detail. A two storey structure, taller than it is wide, the symmetrical west front is divided into three bays and surmounted by a parapeted gable in the form of a broken bed pediment. The central bay of the facade contains the main entrance to the church, an imposing arched opening with a shafted jamb framing a recessed doorway. Over the timber panelled doors is a semicircular tympanum containing three arched windows and above the tympanum, a blind arcade of colonettes (thin columns). The main feature of the gable is a wheel window centred in the gap created by the broken base of the pediment. Raked corbelling over the wheel window supports the projecting edge of the pediment. A cross is situated at the pinnacle of the pediment and at the other end of the ridge of the nave roof.</p><br>
<p>The bays on either side of the entrance bay consist of pairs of pilasters on a banded base that appear to support the pediment. Between each set of pilasters are two narrow rectangular windows separated by a half or engaged column. A small square window centred in the base of each bay has unusual moulded surrounds including jambs terminated by a stylised volute and a coved cornice with a leaf pattern. Other facade details include rosettes, dogtooth banding, acanthus leaf capitals to pilasters and arabesque ornamentation on the pediment.</p><br>
<p>The northeast and southwest side elevations are similar. The aisles consist of four bays delineated by engaged piers with an ornamental top. Tall narrow windows with round arched tops are arranged in pairs in each bay with the exception of the bay second from the front that contains the side entrance doors. Each side entrance is an arched opening further emphasised by a shallow decorative gable. Masonry stairs lead up to the entrance into the north aisle while the south aisle is level with the ground outside. The main decorative detail on the side elevations is a double-layered arched corbel table running along the top of the aisle walls between the engaged piers. Above the roof of the aisles the clerestory portion of the nave wall is visible. The wall treatment is similar to the aisle walls including engaged piers and the same pairs of arched windows. The walls are blank at the northern corner of the building where the bell tower was originally proposed.</p><br>
<p>The chancel, sacristy and vestry, additions to the rear of church were built using similar materials and details to the original part of the building. Three sets of external masonry stairs lead to timber entrance doors that open directly into each of these three spaces, the stairs on the eastern corner being the tallest due to the slope in the land. The curved walls of the chancel are distinguished by a high row of quatrefoil stained glass windows. All of the entries into the church are marked with a cross, situated at the apex of the roof over. The interior of the church, well lit by natural daylight, has rendered white painted walls, dark stained timber ceilings and choir mezzanine and a concrete floor. The main entrance to the church, located under the mezzanine, has a low raked plaster ceiling. A decorative timber canopy and posts further differentiates the entrance. Quarter-turn timber stairs with winders in the northern corner of the west front lead up to the stepped choir platform, a balcony-like space housing the organ and overlooking the nave.</p><br>
<p>A colonnade of four round arches supported by stumpy columns on tall pedestals runs along the north and south edges of the nave separating it from the aisles. Above the colonnade is the clerestory with arched windows that let light directly into the double height space of the nave. The ceiling of the nave is lined on the rake and exposed timber trusses, a variant of a queen post truss with arched braces, span across the nave.</p><br>
<p>The skillion-roofed aisles also have raked clear finished timber boarded ceilings supported by exposed timber trusses. Narrow round arched windows illuminate the aisles and a set of timber doors with fanlight over open to the exterior. Shrines dedicated to Jesus and Mary are located at the southeast ends of the aisles.</p><br>
<p>The sanctuary is located at the eastern end of the nave. A chancel arch flanked by decorative niches separates the chancel from the nave. A change in floor finish and level defined by a marble altar rail also mark the sanctuary as a different kind of space. The chancel, roofed by a dome, is more richly finished than the rest of the church. It has a mosaic tiled and marble floor, quatrefoil stained glass windows over pilasters surmounted by arches in low relief. The lower part of the curved chancel walls are lined in marble panelling. Located in the centre of the space under the dome is the high altar, an elaborate gothic structure in various coloured marbles. Small rooms located on either side of the chancel are the vestry and sacristy. The room on the southern corner retains built in timber wardrobes and cupboards.</p><br>
<p>Externally the church is surrounded by hard paved surfaces except for lawns near the main entrance and gardens on the northeast side of the church. The original front fence and gates have been replaced but masonry piers on either side of the gates remain. A stone grotto is situated to the west of the main entrance.</p><br>
<p>The former presbytery, now known as the Parish House, and various sheds and utility buildings at the rear of the church are not of cultural heritage significance. The St Vincent de Paul Centre, to the southwest of the church on the neighbouring block, is not included in the listing.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>St Mary&#39;s Catholic Church was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 3 December 2004 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>St Marys Catholic Church demonstrates the pattern of development in Brisbane that resulted from the economic boom of the 1880s, in particular the development of South Brisbane at a time when rapid expansion of riverside industry and the adjoining residential suburb created the need for more substantial buildings to service an increased population. Surviving evidence of South Brisbanes former character as a predominantly working class suburb, the church reflects the Irish and proletariat origins of the congregation. Built without the proposed belltower and transepts and not completed at its opening, the church also shows the impact of economic hardships experienced in the 1890s.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>Most 19th century churches were built in the Gothic Revival style. St Marys is an early example of a church built in a style derived from Italian Romanesque and Renaissance architecture. Modelled on the basilica, St Marys was designed in an eclectic manner typical of late 19th century architecture but in a style that was then unusual for churches in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>An excellent example of a substantial late 19th century masonry church, St Mary&#39;s demonstrates the principal characteristics of second or permanent churches that were built in established parishes to replace earlier temporary and often dual-purpose structures.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>St Mary&#39;s is an important landmark in Peel Street. Simple in overall form and finishes, the church is elegantly detailed with a spacious well-lit interior.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The site of the first Catholic church built in South Brisbane in 1865 and used continuously for both worship and Catholic social services ever since, the place has a strong association with the Roman Catholic Church of Queensland. In particular St Mary&#39;s has a special association with the migrant Catholic communities that developed in South Brisbane after the Second World War.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>In 2011, a feature documentary has been made about Kennedy and the exiled community and their conflict with the Catholic Church, entitled The Trouble with St Mary&#39;s.</p><br>
<p>In 2016, a play "St Marys in Exile" was written by David Burton about the events that led to the removal of Father Peter Kennedy as parish priest. It was performed in August-September 2016 as part of the Brisbane Festival at the Queensland Theatre Companys Bille Brown Theatre, approximately 250m from St Mary&#39;s.</p><br>
<p>Brisbane South Girls and Infants School is a heritage-listed state school at 112 Merivale Street, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1864 to 1932. It is also known as Brisbane South Intermediate School, South Brisbane Primary School, and currently as Brisbane State High School Block H. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 31 October 1994.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Brisbane State High School&#39;s Block H, a two-storeyed brick building which is now part of the Junior School, is one of the oldest state school buildings in Queensland. The core was constructed in 1864 as the South Brisbane Primary School, with key extensions erected in 1877 and 1932.</p><br>
<p>The building is associated with the early establishment of general education in Queensland. It was erected under the new Education Act of 1860, which brought all Queensland schools under a Board of General Education, and provided for a system of government-subsidised primary schools, similar to the system then operating in New South Wales (which in turn had been based on the Irish system of National Schools). Under Queensland&#39;s Education Act, communities were required to contribute one-third of the cost of construction of new school buildings. Only six primary school buildings were erected in the period 1861-63, parents finding the one-third contribution difficult to raise. This led to some relaxation of the regulation, and in 1864, eleven schools, including the South Brisbane Primary School, were constructed. Of the 17 primary school buildings erected between 1861 and 1864, the only ones known to remain are Gayndah State School (1861), South Brisbane (1864) and Warwick East State School (1864), all of which are brick buildings.</p><br>
<p>Moves to establish a school at South Brisbane commenced in 1860, and in November 1861 the Queensland Government granted to the Board of General Education, 2 acres of land fronting Cordelia and Merivale Streets, for school purposes. Subscriptions took some time to raise, and in April 1863, a primary school was established in temporary, overcrowded accommodation at the Mechanics Institute in Stanley Street. The colonial government had approved the application for a new school in February 1863, and had employed Brisbane architect Charles Porter to prepare plans, but delayed calling tenders until December 1863, waiting for the School Committee to raise the one-third contribution.</p><br>
<p>Porter was the first architect for the Board of General Education, and his work for it included the design of the Normal School at North Brisbane, and schools at Little Ipswich, Ipswich State School, and Gladstone. The plan for the South Brisbane school may have been duplicated from that of the Ipswich School.</p><br>
<p>The contract was let in August 1864 to Brisbane contractor Charles Beauchamp, with a tender of £1050, and the building was completed in time for the commencement of the new school year on 23 January 1865. Although designed by Charles Porter, Brisbane architect Benjamin Backhouse was employed to supervise the construction.</p><br>
<p>The two-storey brick building was rectangular in plan, and designed to accommodate 300 pupils. Each floor comprised one large room, with boys on the ground floor, and girls and infants on the upper floor. The unrendered building had a shingled roof, and projecting porch and balconies on the front facade to Merivale Street. The staircase and hat rooms were at the rear of the building.</p><br>
<p>By the 1870s, South Brisbane was rivalling North Brisbane in importance as a commercial and residential area, and the accompanying population increase put pressure on the accommodation at the South Brisbane Primary School. At least one playshed (no longer extant) had been erected by 1873, and in 1874 a balcony was added to the rear of the school building, for girls and infants. In the second half of 1877, substantial additions were made with the construction of a two-storey brick wing at right-angles to the rear of the building. This provided two new classrooms, each about 30 feet by 20 feet, with exterior stairs. The contractor was P Nott, with a price of £725.</p><br>
<p>South Brisbane, with its busy wharves and commercial sector, continued to expand in the boom years of the 1880s, and the district population trebled. During this decade the school playground, much of which comprised low-lying swampy ground, was filled and levelled, partly using rock excavated in 1884 for the second stage of the South Brisbane Dry Dock. Early in 1888 the shingled roof of the school building was replaced with corrugated iron sheeting.</p><br>
<p>By the late 1880s, overcrowding at the South Brisbane Primary School had reached a critical stage. In 1888 the Department of Public Instruction decided to divide the school, which had already been operating as two separate departments. A new building was erected on the other side of Merivale Street, at the corner of Glenelg Street, and this became Brisbane South Boys School. South Brisbane Primary School was closed, then re-opened as Brisbane South Girls & Infants School.</p><br>
<p>Comparatively few changes were made to the Girls & Infants School in the following three decades. About 1914 a small, single-storey, timber retiring room for staff was erected on the northern side of the 1877 wing, and this room was duplicated on the southern side. (These two small buildings have since been re-located about 20m to the south against Cordelia Street.) New windows were installed in the rear wing in 1927.</p><br>
<p>By the late 1920s, South Brisbanes heyday was over. The progressive City of South Brisbane had been absorbed in 1925 by the new City of Brisbane, and South Brisbane had lost much of its civic focus. Many of the larger residences were being converted into flats by the mid-1920s, and young families were moving to the less crowded workers dwellings suburbs, like Annerley, Greenslopes and Coorparoo. Enrolments at both Brisbane South Girls & Infants School and Brisbane South Boys School were declining.</p><br>
<p>In December 1928, Department of Public Instruction approval was given for alterations costing £1,000 to the Girls & Infants School, for conversion to an Intermediate School. On 31 December 1928, the two existing South Brisbane state schools were closed, and on 1 January 1929, the former Boys School was re-opened as the combined Brisbane South State School. At the former Girls & Infants School, the exterior walls were rendered, the rooms were partitioned, and the front porch was removed, and the building was re-opened in August 1929 as Brisbane South Intermediate School. In 1930, plans were prepared to extend the 1864 wing of the Brisbane South Intermediate School by an additional four bays to the southeast, virtually doubling its size. The contract for this work was let in 1932, at a cost of £1430.</p><br>
<p>Intermediate schools, equipped with workshops, laboratories, and domestic science rooms, were established in principal Queensland towns after 1928. They reflected a fundamental change in Queensland education policy in the late 1920s, focussing on syllabus revision and the education of children over 11 years of age. In Brisbane, Intermediate schools were established as separate institutions, but in country areas, they formed part of existing high schools. They catered for children 12–13 years of age, offering a two-year course as a link between primary and secondary education. Setting up new schools for a two-year course proved expensive, and the Intermediate school concept was replaced in the 1940s and 1950s by multilateral high schools offering a variety of courses. Brisbane South Intermediate School was closed on 31 December 1953.</p><br>
<p>In the late 1940s, the deteriorating condition of the Brisbane South State Primary School building (erected 1888), had prompted proposals either to close the school, or to transfer to another site. The decision was postponed for some years, but by March 1954, the cost of repairs to the 1888 building was considered too great, and recommendation was made to transfer the school to the premises formerly occupied by the Brisbane South Intermediate School. In August 1954, Brisbane South State School re-occupied the premises vacated by the Girls & Infants School 25 years before. At this time, nearby Brisbane State High School was using two rooms and the laboratory on the top floor of the building; it was anticipated that the High School would vacate these rooms in 1955, but it is not clear whether this eventuated.</p><br>
<p>With student numbers continuing to decline, Brisbane South Primary School was closed permanently on 31 December 1963, after more than one hundred years of operation. The school premises, also close to a century old, subsequently became part of the High School, and were used mainly for domestic science and manual training classes. The building was refurbished in 1989 as Brisbane State High Schools Junior School, and further work was carried out in 1991. The former primary school building and the teachers retiring rooms continue as part of the high school campus in 2014.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Brisbane State High School, Block H is a two-storey rendered brick building with steeply pitched corrugated iron gable roofs. It stands within a complex of school buildings which includes two small timber pavilions, the former teachers&#39; retiring rooms, which were once attached to verandahs of an 1877 wing former primary school building.</p><br>
<p>Constructed in three primary stages, the former primary school building comprises a main north-east facing wing (constructed in 1864 and 1932), with a smaller wing projecting to the south-west (1877). In the main building, a stairwell and main entrance divides the 1864 section to the north-west from the 1932 section to the south-east. The 1877 section projects out from the centre of the 1864 section. The building has full-length timber verandahs to each long side.</p><br>
<p>The principal frontage to the north-east is decorated with toothed windows surrounds and quoins, and has large carved brackets supporting the verandah. The ground floor entry is marked with battened panels over a porch. The verandah has a timber balustrade and square timber posts with square capitals supporting a skillion roof. The skillion is timber-lined and the verandah soffit has a timber battened ceiling. The south-western frontage of the main building is clad in weatherboard with internally exposed framing and small openings. The building has large casement windows and timber French doors with fanlights with timber mullions opening onto the verandahs.</p><br>
<p>The 1877 wing has similarly detailed verandahs, windows and doors to the main building, but opening surrounds are not decorated. The upper floor has a row of large casement windows facing south-east, and smaller windows to the north west.</p><br>
<p>The gable end of the 1864 section has windows with toothed surrounds, whilst the 1932 and 1877 sections have gable ends without openings or decoration.</p><br>
<p>The main building contains five classrooms on each level, three belong to the 1864 section, and two to the 1932 section. The building has two sets of concrete stairs with timber balustrades; the main entrance stair and another in the north-western corner of the building. The ground floor classrooms in the main wing have timber lined ceilings, and are separated by timber folding partitions. The upper floor classrooms have timber floors, timber-lined ceilings with raked sides, and partially exposed trusses. The south-western verandah has a timber-lined ceiling with exposed rafters, which butts against fixed-on-the-diagonal, timber-lined gable end where the rear wing intersects the main wing. The 1877 building has a single large classroom on each level. The ground floor room has a timber-lined ceiling, whilst the first floor room has timber floors, exposed timber trusses and a diagonally boarded ceiling.</p><br>
<p>The teachers&#39; retiring rooms, now detached from the former primary school buildings, are located about 20m to its south against Cordelia Street. These two buildings are single room, weatherboard buildings with corrugated iron half-gabled roofs, sitting on painted concrete stumps with timber battening. The half-gables have shaped barge boards and battened panels with louvred vents behind. The rooms have central solid timber doors reached by timber stairs, and single casement windows on two faces, with sunhoods which extend out from the roof and have lattice side panels and timber brackets. The buildings are virtually identical, with the exception of a high window on the southern building. Internally they are lined with vertically jointed timber, and have timber boarded ceilings with partly raked edges.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The former Brisbane South Girls and Infants School, now Block H of Brisbane State High School, was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 31 October 1994 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The building is one of the oldest state school buildings in Queensland, and was associated with the early development of a system of general education in Queensland following separation from New South Wales in 1859. It illustrates the development of South Brisbane, as reflected in the 1877 additions and in the 1888 separation of the boys and girls schools.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>It is a rare example of a two-storeyed 1860s brick school building with several extensions, and has remained coherent in form and detail.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>It is a rare example of a two-storeyed 1860s brick school building with several extensions, and has remained coherent in form and detail. The alterations and extensions carried out in 1929-32 are important evidence of the implementation of the Intermediate School system, experimented with by the Queensland Department of Public Instruction during the interwar years.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The 1910s teachers&#39; retiring rooms are skilfully detailed modest pavilions.</p><br>
<p>Coronation Hotel is a heritage-listed hotel at 46 Montague Road, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Francis Drummond Greville Stanley and built in 1891. It is also known as Montague Hotel. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 30 April 1993.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Coronation Hotel was built in 1891 to a design by prominent Brisbane architect Francis Drummond Greville Stanley. It was originally called the Montague Hotel.</p><br>
<p>At the time of its construction the hotel stood near the heart of the prospering South Brisbane commercial and residential areas. Its first proprietor was George Lotz. In 1953 it was renamed the Coronation Hotel after the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II. From the early 1970s the licensee was rugby league personality Ripper Doyle.</p><br>
<p>In 1987 the hotel was acquired for redevelopment by neighbouring Queensland United Foods Industries. The redevelopment did not eventuate and it operated as a backpackers hostel during Expo 88 and for some time afterwards. It was unoccupied at the time of its heritage listing in 1993, and housed music venue The Joynt for five years until June 2014. In October 2014, it was reopened as a cocktail bar, The Milk Factory.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The hotel occupies a corner site on Montague Road. It is a two-storeyed rendered and painted brickwork building with a hipped corrugated iron roof. The street facades are surrounded by a cantilevered iron-lace verandah and an awning over the street, with an entrance at the truncated corner.</p><br>
<p>The ground floor street facades have paired half-fluted pilasters with square motifs above the capitals, and relief moulds which express a base to the building. Timber French doors alternate with timber sash windows which have narrow side lights. The corrugated iron awning extends beyond the edge of the cantilevered balcony above, and is supported by timber posts; two of the original cast iron Corinthian columns remain on the Montague Road frontage.</p><br>
<p>The first floor has timber French doors and sash windows. The balcony has a cast-iron balustrade, and galvanised sheet iron columns with cast zinc bases and capitals, and a convex corrugated iron awning. The parapet above the awning has a cornice with dentil blocks, a pediment over the corner, and three shaped gables embellished with spheres.</p><br>
<p>A substantial two-storeyed brick service wing with an intact timber verandah extends off the rear. A gable-roofed laundry stands in the back yard. Next to the service wing is a more recent two-storeyed brick toilet block.</p><br>
<p>The ground floor interior includes two renovated bars, a dining room which is now partitioned, the kitchen, the store and bathrooms. On the first floor, accessed by a fine timber staircase, are a number of bedrooms and bathrooms. With the exception of the bars and bathrooms, the interior is largely intact. The walls are lined with plaster, and fretwork fanlights remain above the doors. In the bedrooms, the tongue and groove timber ceilings have metal rose vents.</p><br>
<p>Although the building requires repairs, it is substantially intact, in particularly the exterior, which is a fine example of the architect&#39;s skill.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Coronation Hotel was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 30 April 1993 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Coronation Hotel is significant as it has a special association with architect FDG Stanley as an example of his work.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The Coronation Hotel is significant as an intact remnant of an early streetscape of a residential scale which is now rare and endangered.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The hotel demonstrates the principal characteristics of an 1890s hotel.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The Coronation Hotel is important in exhibiting aesthetic characteristics valued by the community in its fine design.</p><br>
<p>The South Brisbane Railway Easement is the heritage-listed remnants of a former railway branch line and siding at 412 Stanley Street, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1882 to 1897. It is also known as Dry Dock Siding, South Brisbane Wharves Extension, and Stanley Street Terminus. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first South Brisbane railway was constructed from South Brisbane Junction (now Corinda railway station) to Stanley Street in 1882-84.</p><br>
<p>It was the outcome of late 1870s agitation by commercial interests, in particular West Moreton coal owners, for a link from the Ipswich line to deep water anchorage at South Brisbane. As approved by Queensland Parliament in 1881, the principal railyards were to be established at the water reserve at Woolloongabba, with a passenger line extension along Stanley Street terminating opposite the South Brisbane Dry Dock.</p><br>
<p>Public opposition prevented the railway being run along Stanley Street. Instead, a branch line was constructed from the Woolloongabba railyards through a single-bore tunnel under Vulture Street to the river bank, then continued west to terminate just below Stanley Street. At the river a major coal wharf and sidings, which extended to the dry dock, were constructed.</p><br>
<p>The contract for the main line to Stanley Street was let to Gilliver & Wockner in January 1882, but by May they were unable to continue the work and construction was taken over by the Railways Department.</p><br>
<p>Acheson Overend & Co. were the successful tenderers for the coal wharf and sidings, with a contract price of £11,830. The tender was accepted in December 1882 and work was completed by early May 1884.</p><br>
<p>The South Brisbane line, coal wharf and sidings were opened on 2 June 1884, with passenger trains departing from the Stanley Street terminus three times daily except Sundays. This number doubled within the year.</p><br>
<p>Although the station at Stanley Street catered only for passenger traffic, every train arriving had to be pushed back to Woolloongabba before another could use the line. The station&#39;s ability to handle increased traffic was minimal, and when the Melbourne Street extension and passenger terminal was opened on 21 December 1891, the Stanley Street station was closed.</p><br>
<p>In 1894 parliament authorised the extension of the dry dock siding as far as the Victoria Bridge, to service the wharves and commercial enterprises along the river bank at South Brisbane. The contract was let to Kirk Brothers & Frew in May 1896, and the line was opened on 30 March 1897.</p><br>
<p>The wharves extension served a host of major businesses until late 1969, by which time the demise of South Brisbane as a commercial and port facility forced its closure.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Included in this listing are:</p><br>
<p>Former Stanley Street station platform (1883-4): Stanley Street station initially consisted of a single raised timber platform 305 feet (91.5 metres) long on the southern side of the line, overlooking the dry dock. A timber station building 86 feet (26 metres) long and 12 feet (3.6 metres) wide was constructed by Worley and Whitehead in April 1884, but was removed in the 20th century. Remnant timber edgings to the station platform lie buried beneath infill.</p><br>
<p>Stanley Street retaining wall (1880s): Constructed of rough dressed freestone, the retaining wall effectively terminated the South Brisbane line. It runs along the northern side of Stanley Street above the former South Brisbane station and part of the dry dock reserve. Sections of the attached cast-iron fence remain, but the entry gates to the station have been removed.</p><br>
<p>Retaining walls (1883-5): Also constructed of rough dressed freestone, these retaining walls form the current southeastern and western boundaries of the dry dock, and were erected between 1883 and 1885. The southeastern wall appears to have been associated with the construction of the rail line to Stanley Street. Sections of this are rendered. Above this wall lies the path of the former South Brisbane line; below was the dry dock siding.</p><br>
<p>Paths of the former Stanley Street branch line (1882-3), dry dock siding (1882-4) and South Brisbane wharves extension (1896-7). Although the tracks have been removed, the paths and gradients remain. That of the 1896-97 extension of the dry dock siding has been asphalted.</p><br>
<p>Former railway overbridge at Sidon Street (1896-7): Constructed as part of the extension of the dry dock siding to the South Brisbane wharves, the overbridge necessitated cutting through the western retaining wall of the dry dock reserve and across Sidon Street. It was built of timber, wrought-iron, galvanised iron sheeting and cement concrete. The concrete abutments on the eastern side of what was formerly Sidon Street remain, but the overbridge is no longer visible and the cutting has been filled in.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>South Brisbane Railway Easement was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The South Brisbane Railway Easement, constructed in 1882-84, is significant historically as a collection of remnant structures and sites associated with South Brisbane&#39;s earliest rail network, constructed in the early 1880s. The place is important for its strong association with the commercial development of South Brisbane in the 1880s and 1890s.</p><br>
<p>The South Brisbane Railway Easement is an integral element in the historic precinct centred on the South Brisbane Memorial Park, which includes the dry dock (Queensland Maritime Museum), the former South Brisbane Library, Cumbooquepa (Somerville House), the former South Brisbane Town Hall and Ship Inn.</p><br>
<p>The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>There is also potential to reveal sub-surface archaeological evidence.</p><br>
<p>Red Hill is a historic plantation house located near Bullock, Granville County, North Carolina. The house consists of three parts: a 1 1/2-story, two-bay gambrel-roofed Georgian style center block built about 1776; a 1 1/2-story, two-bay one-room, gable-roofed Georgian style block with transitional Federal features, built about 1807; and a very tall two-story, three-bay, transitional Federal/ Greek Revival style addition, built about 1820, style frame I-house dwelling. It has a full basement, full width front porch, and exterior brick chimneys. Across from the house is the 2 1/2-story heavy timber frame tobacco manufactory. Also on the property are the contributing wash house / striphouse, open wellhouse, smokehouse, privy, and flower house / chicken house.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<p>Ben Crom is a 526 m mountain in the Mourne Mountains in County Down, Northern Ireland. It is situated beside Ben Crom Reservoir, which is upstream from Silent Valley Reservoir. The mountain is composed of granite. An exposed area on the south west of the mountain shows where the Eocene aplitic granite meets the laccolith top of the older Mesozoic granite ring dike. The summit of the mountain features granite crags which are crossed by basic and feldspar porphyry dikes. The mountain is used for sheep grazing and hill walking.</p><br>
<p>Silent Valley and Ben Crom from Slievenaglogh - geograph.org.uk - 1205677.jpgView of Ben Crom (centre), Silent Valley Reservoir (bottom) and Ben Crom Reservoir (top right) from Slievenaglogh. Slieve Bearnagh is in the top left of the photo.</p><br>
<p>The Osgood Family House is a historic house on Main Street in Fryeburg, Maine. Built c. 1810, this two-story structure is one of the town&#39;s least-altered and best-preserved Federal style houses. It was probably built by Henry Young Brown Osgood, and remained in the Osgood family until 1940. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990. It presently houses a law office.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The main block of the Osgood House is a two story wood frame structure, five bays in width and depth, with a hip roof and a granite foundation. A two-story gable-roofed ell extends to the west, ending in a small shed which replicates an earlier, similar structure. The main entrance, facing east, is flanked by sidelight windows and topped by a louvered fan. A secondary entrance is centered on the south facade, framed by pilasters and a transom window and entablature. The interior follows a fairly typical Federal period central hall plan, with turned newel post and balusters, and applied sawn ornamentation. Federal style paneling, door and window molding, and chair rails decorate the public rooms.</p><br>
<p>The house was probably built by Henry Young Brown Osgood, who was named for one Fryeburg&#39;s early proprietors, although the land was bought, and may have been settled by, his father before him. The house remained in the Osgood family until 1940. Unlike other late-18th and early-19th century houses in Fryeburg, the Osgood House has not had later stylistic alterations made. It underwent a restoration around the time of its listing on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.</p><br>
<p>The Eklutna Power Plant, also referred to as Old Eklutna Power Plant, is a historic hydroelectric power plant on the Eklutna River in Anchorage, Alaska. Located about 5 mi downstream of the more modern new Eklutna Power Plant, it was built in 1928-29 to provide electrical power to the growing city, and served as its primary power source until 1956. The facilities include two dams, a tunnel and penstock, and a powerhouse. The main dam, Eklutna Dam, located at the northwestern end of Eklutna Lake, was built in 1941 to replace a series of temporary structures built after an earthen dam failed before the plant began operation. The diversion dam, a concrete arch dam, is located 7 mi downstream from the lake, and provides facilities for diverting water into the tunnel. The tunnel is 1,900 ft long, and is terminated in a penstock, a structure designed to raise the water pressure. The powerhouse is a concrete-and-steel structure completed in 1929.</p><br>
<p>The power plant was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>The Niremont  is a mountain of the Swiss Prealps, in the canton of Fribourg. Due to its rounded shape, it has 2 sub-summits: The Gros Niremont  and the Petit Niremont .</p><br>
<h2>Toponymy</h2><br>
<p>Its name means Noir Mont in French ("Black Mountain").</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<h3>Situation</h3><br>
<p>The Noirmont stands between the Swiss plateau and the Swiss Alps. The city of Châtel-St-Denis and the A12 motorway are located on its western foot.</p><br>
<p>The panorama from its summit offers a nice view on the Moléson, the village of Les Paccots, the lake of Geneva and the Jura Mountains.</p><br>
<h3>Hydrology</h3><br>
<p>Several small tributaries on the west slopes feed the Trême river. On its south side lies the Veveyse de Châtel river, feeding the lake of Geneva.</p><br>
<h3>Fauna and flora</h3><br>
<p>The Niremont is covered with pine forests, wetlands and mires. A great proportion (402 hectares) is registered on the Inventory of Mire Landscapes of Particular Beauty and National Importance.</p><br>
<h2>Activities</h2><br>
<p>The small ski resort of Rathvel lies on its eastern slopes. The Niremont is a popular destination for hiking, mountain biking, snowshoeing and ski touring.</p><br>
<p>Ben Crom Reservoir is a reservoir located in the Mourne Mountains near Kilkeel, County Down, Northern Ireland. Along with Silent Valley Reservoir, which is situated further down the Kilkeel River valley, it supplies water for County Down, surrounding counties and most of Belfast. It was constructed between 1953 and 1957, as the final part of the Mourne scheme to provide water to Belfast which started with the passing of the Belfast Water Act in 1893.</p><br>
<p>Ben Crom is a mass gravity dam, meaning it is made of concrete and designed so that the dam&#39;s own weight stabilises it against the force of the water. The middle of the structure consists of mass concrete with granite plumbs weighing up to 5 tonnes. The outer face of the dam was made with precast concrete blocks. The project cost approximately £1 million to build and employed 186 people.</p><br>
<p>In 2012 Northern Ireland Water carried out refurbishments at Ben Crom as part of a £1.6 million scheme to maintain and improve a number of reservoirs in Northern Ireland.</p><br>
<p>Corbetta  is a mountain of the Swiss Prealps, in the canton of Fribourg.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<h3>Situation</h3><br>
<p>Corbetta stands between the Swiss plateau and the Swiss Alps. The city of Châtel-St-Denis and the A12 motorway are located on its western foot. The village of Les Paccots is located on its north and east slopes.</p><br>
<p>The panorama from its summit offers a nice view on the Dent de Lys, the lake of Geneva and the Jura Mountains.</p><br>
<h3>Hydrology</h3><br>
<p>On its north foot lies the Veveyse de Châtel river, feeding the lake of Geneva. On the east foothills, at 1,235 m, lies the protected site of the Lac des Joncs.</p><br>
<h2>Activities</h2><br>
<p>Corbetta slopes are included in the small ski resort of Les Paccots. Three surface lifts bring the skiers to the summit.</p><br>
<p>The Doyle Florist Inc.-H.R. Schenkel Inc. Greenhouse Range is a historic commercial garden property at 1339 Englewood Street in Lynchburg, Virginia. Developed beginning in 1920, it is a complex of nine greenhouses, five of which were built in 1920, with the other four added in later years beginning c. 1955. The complex is representative of the rise and fall of the cut flower industry in the nation, which reached its height in the 1950s and has since declined due to strong international competition. The complex also includes a root cellar for plant storage, a packing shed, a farmhouse, and a small brick power plant, on about 7 acre of land. The facility was used for the production and distribution of cut flowers from 1920 to 1999.</p><br>
<p>The property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2014.</p><br>
<p>Cyaneae  was an ancient Lycian town. William Martin Leake says that its remains were discovered west of Andriaca. The place, which is at the head of Port Tristomo, was determined by an inscription. Leake observes that in some copies of Pliny it is written Cyane; in Hierocles and the Notitiae Episcopatuum it is Cyaneae.</p><br>
<p>It is said in Spratt and Forbes: Cyaneae is located on the high table land between port Tristomo and the inland valley of Kassabar, we found three ancient sites, which, from the inscriptions copied at each, appeared to be severally--or perhaps collectively--styled Cyaneae. At one of these places, called Tousa, a sarcophagus contained the feminine ethnic name Κυανειτις, if it is copied right. A pedestal found at another place, called Yarvu, contains a Greek inscription of the Roman period, with the usual formula, Κυανειτων ἡ Βουλη και ὁ Δημος. And at a third place, named Ghiouristan, a Greek inscription contained the form Κυανειτων: and it is added,--the words Κυανειτων γερουσια occur in the inscription on a sarcophagus at the same locality.</p><br>
<p>It is singular that three distinct sites seem to have had the name Cyaneae, for the plural form appears to be the genuine name of the place. Yarvu, which seems to be the chief place, is due north of the head of the port Tristomo: Ghiouristan is due north of Yarvu, and about 3 miles distant, according to the map in Spratt and Forbes&#39;s work. Tousa is west-northwest of Yarvu, and further distant than Ghiouristan. Yarvu is on a high platform, with a steep descent on two sides. The walls are in a good state of preservation, and from 5 to 15 feet high. There is a theatre 165 feet in diameter, many plain rock tombs, groups of sarcophagi, and confused heaps of ruins. The remains are of the Roman and middle age construction; and some of a doubtful age. There were none of the earlier Lycian tombs and inscriptions. At Tousa a Lycian inscription was found. The city was small, and surrounded by a rudely constructed Hellenic wall, very perfect in some parts, combining the polygonal and cyclopean styles in its construction.</p><br>
<p>To Spratt and Forbes, Cyaneae appeared to be a city ranking in importance with Phellus and Candyba, but in a better state of preservation. Tousa is nearly 5 hours from the sea. At Ghiouristan there are three Lycian rock tombs, one of which has a Lycian and Greek inscription. There are many tombs and sarcophagi here.</p><br>
<p>This is another example of the discovery of Lycian towns of which no historical record has been preserved except the names. It is not easy to conjecture why all these places had the same name, But it is very possible that one of them, Yarvu, was the chief place under the name of Cyaneae; and that the other two, which belonged to Cyaneae, might have other names, and yet be considered as dependent on the chief place, and might be comprehended under the same name.</p><br>
<h2>Bishopric</h2><br>
<p>In the Notitia Episcopatuum of Pseudo-Epiphanius, written in about 640 under Byzantine Emperor Heraclius, the bishopric of Cyanae is ranked 15th among the suffragans of the metropolitan see of Myra, the capital of Lycia. There are no extant records of the names of bishops of the see.</p><br>
<p>No longer a residential bishopric, Cyanae is today listed by the Catholic Church as a titular see.</p><br>
<p>Princess Theatre is a heritage-listed theatre at 8 Annerley Road, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by architect John Beauchamp Nicholson and built in 1888. It is also known as South Brisbane Public Hall and Boggo Road Theatre. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This large brick building was constructed in 1888 for prominent Brisbane solicitor Phillip Hardgrave and the South Brisbane Public Hall Company.</p><br>
<p>Its construction was an entrepreneurial venture responding to the needs of a rapidly expanding South Brisbane, East Brisbane, Woolloongabba, and Thompson Estate population. It provided the newly created Borough of South Brisbane with a central public hall which could be hired for public meetings, lectures, balls, theatrical and musical performances and other public functions. In 1887 Hardgrave acquired the Boggo Road (later Annerley Road) site, set up the subscription company, and commissioned Brisbane architect John Beauchamp Nicholson to design the hall. It was erected the following year by builder Blair Cunningham, for a contract price of £5,220.</p><br>
<p>In the early years, the privately funded hall was known variously as the South Brisbane Public Hall (1888–91) and the Boggo Road Theatre (1892-3).</p><br>
<p>In 1893 Hardgrave sold the property to his father, John Hardgrave, a former mayor of Brisbane. Renamed the Princess Theatre, the building was used during the 1890s for sporadic productions of live performances and vaudeville, but did not emerge as a major theatrical venue in Brisbane.</p><br>
<p>Brisbane draper Thomas Finney acquired the property in 1899 and used the theatre as a clothing factory, although the stage was still hired for occasional performances.</p><br>
<p>With a change of ownership in 1912 the building was rented to clothing manufacturers and Wests Olympia, and from 1914 to 1942 it was leased mainly as a movie-house and performance space for amateur theatre. In the 1930s Brisbane&#39;s fledgling amateur theatre companies - Brisbane Repertory Theatre (now La Boite Theatre Company), Brisbane Arts Theatre and the Twelfth Night Theatre Company (later TN! Theatre Co.) - all performed at the Princess.</p><br>
<p>From 1942 to 1945 the theatre served as the administrative and rehearsal centre for the United States Entertainment Unit. In the years immediately following World War II, it was hired to a variety of community groups such as ballet schools, college revues, and scout troops.</p><br>
<p>From 1949 to 1985 the building lost all association with the performing arts, and was rented to various small businesses, including a paper wholesaler, an engineering firm, a rag merchant, a secondhand dealer and a used appliance retailer. The stage area was leased separately to a printing firm for over thirty years from 1948 to 1979.</p><br>
<p>In 1985 the property was acquired by REMM Group Ltd, who carried out external restoration, and offered TN! Theatre Company a ten-year lease from 1986. Internal restoration and refitting was carried out by TN!. Due to financial difficults, TN!&#39;s last production was in 1991.</p><br>
<p>Since 2001, the theatre was leased by the Metro Central Community Church (now the LifeCity Church) and purchased by them in 2003. The church uses the theatre for its church services and other events and also offers it for hire to others for use as a theatre and a venue for weddings and other events.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Princess Theatre is a two-storeyed rectangular brick building fronting Annerley Road to the west, with a narrow laneway to either side and rear. The building has three roof sections, the front having a mansard roof and the auditorium and backstage having hipped corrugated iron roofs with central raised sections for ventilation.</p><br>
<p>The symmetrical, rendered west elevation displays a highly decorative classical influence in its design. The central entrance portico has two corner columns, on square bases, with an entablature with a laurel frieze in relief. The entrance has double timber doors and arched fanlight with coloured glass panels.</p><br>
<p>The ground floor has a shopfront to either side of the entrance, with a glazed wide arched opening framed by pilasters and entablature. The first floor has a verandah with rendered balustrade, columns, entablature and arched spandrel panels with decorative keystones. This elevation has a rooftop balustrade, between column tops surmounted by spheres, with a central curved pediment with laurels in relief. The mansard roof rises behind.</p><br>
<p>The other three elevations are of face brick, having darker brick to the ground floor, with a parapet wall. The building has timber walkways along the north and south elevations with double timber doors and casement windows with fanlights opening from the auditorium.</p><br>
<p>The foyer has a sloping floor to the auditorium entrance, and a central timber stair to the gallery level and first floor offices. The wall surfaces have been rendered and scribed to imitate stone blocks and a new ceiling with downlights has been installed. A door opens to the shops on either side. The landing level has carved timber balusters which pre-date the existing stair and balustrade.</p><br>
<p>The auditorium is entered under the gallery, or dress circle. The landing above is supported by two cast iron columns and the sloping gallery by four timber posts. The underside of the gallery has pressed metal sheeting. A kitchen/bar has been installed in this area which is separated from the auditorium by an open stud wall.</p><br>
<p>The auditorium has face brick walls with rendered pilasters and cornice, and timber architraves, dado and panelling below. The ceiling is curved at the corners with boarded panels running lengthwise, widthwise and diagonally. The central area has two roses on cast iron grating for ventilation. The proscenium arch has rendered pilasters and entablature with a laurel frieze.</p><br>
<p>The backstage area is painted black. A high level walkway runs around the perimeter and a stair in the southeast corner leads to the basement. The basement has a concrete floor and contains a central storage/performance space with dressing rooms to the north and an office area to the south, all with external access.</p><br>
<p>The first floor contains offices open onto the west verandah. Toilets behind open off the top of the stair. The gallery is accessed from the landing and contains six rows of tiered seating.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Princess Theatre was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Princess Theatre is important in demonstrating the evolution of Woolloongabba/South Brisbane as a major urban centre in Brisbane in the 1880s.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>It is particularly significant as the only intact surviving 19th century theatre in Brisbane, demonstrating an aspect of Brisbane&#39;s cultural heritage which is now rare, and is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a substantial 19th century masonry theatre.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>It is particularly significant as the only intact surviving 19th century theatre in Brisbane, demonstrating an aspect of Brisbane&#39;s cultural heritage which is now rare, and is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a substantial 19th century masonry theatre.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The Princess Theatre is important in exhibiting a range of aesthetic characteristics valued by the Brisbane community, local residents and those interested in theatre design, in particular: the ornately decorated street facade and more restrained interior; and the building&#39;s contribution to the Clarence Corner streetscape and Woolloongabba townscape.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The Princess Theatre has a strong and extensive association with Brisbane theatre, both amateur and professional and has a special association with Brisbane architect John Beachamp Nicholson as an example of his commercial work.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Princess Theatre has a strong and extensive association with Brisbane theatre, both amateur and professional and has a special association with Brisbane architect John Beauchamp Nicholson as an example of his commercial work.</p><br>
<p>The Acadian Landing Site, also known as the Acadian Cross Historic Shrine, is a site historically significant to the French-American Acadian population of far northern Maine. Located on the southern bank of the Saint John River east of Madawaska and marked by a large marble cross, it is the site traditionally recorded as the landing point of the first Acadians to settle this region of the upper Saint John River. The site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>During the French and Indian War in the late 1750s, British authorities in Nova Scotia, which then included all of present-day New Brunswick, decided to forcibly relocate the local Acadian population to other parts of the British Empire. This action had far-reaching consequences, but not all Acadians were deported, and a significant number that survived the relocation process returned to what is now New Brunswick. Following the American Revolutionary War, United Empire Loyalists who had fled the Thirteen Colonies were resettled in New Brunswick, and given land grants that sometimes included land occupied by Acadians. In many instances, these occupants were driven from the land, and were again forced to move.</p><br>
<p>In 1785, a group of twenty Acadian families led by Joseph Daigle worked their way up the Saint John River from Fredericton. According to local tradition, they ended their journey at this site, and erected a wooden cross to mark the occasion. This group formed the nucleus of settlements on both sides of the river, part of which is on the Canada–United States border, dividing the larger community. The border in this area was set by the 1842 Webster-Ashburton Treaty, after a period of border tension known as the Aroostook War.</p><br>
<p>The site is marked by a large marble cross, erected in 1922, which is located at the approximate site of the original cross as determined by local lore. It is separated from United States Route 1 by a potato field, and is accessible by a side road. A wooden platform, built in 1969, surrounds the cross, and is the occasional site of religious observances. The property is now owned and maintained by the Madawaska Historical Society. The site is also part of the Maine Acadian Culture program of the National Park Service.</p><br>
<p>The San Rafael Ranch, formerly known as the Greene Ranch, is a historic cattle ranch located in the San Rafael Valley about a mile and a half north of Lochiel, Arizona, near the international border with Sonora, Mexico.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The land that is now the San Rafael Ranch was originally an old Mexican land grant called San Rafael de la Zanja, which was sold to the cattle baron Colin Cameron and a few of his partners in the 1880s. Cameron built a two-story house to live in soon after, but it burned to the ground under mysterious circumstances in 1899. A year later Cameron built a new two-story brick house, even larger and more luxurious than the original, although he lived in it for only a short time. After losing a legal battle to his neighbor over land rights in 1903, Cameron decided the ranch was not worth the trouble and moved on.</p><br>
<p>The ranch was then sold to Colonel William Cornell Greene, who owned the large copper mines to the southeast, in Cananea, Sonora. Colonel Greene acquired many properties over the years, including some 600,000 acres of ranch land on both sides of the international border. The San Rafael Ranch House became the headquarters for the Greene Cattle Company, which raised tens-of-thousands of hereford cattle and horses to go with them. The Greene Cattle Company was so successful it even attracted the attention of Pancho Villa, who raided the San Rafael Ranch for horses on more than one occasion in the early 1910s.</p><br>
<p>Colonel Greene died in 1911 and the ranch was inherited by his daughter, Florence Sharp, and her husband. In the early 1950s, the ranch acquired national attention when it was selected as the filming location for the classic Western film "Oklahoma!", starring Gordon MacRae and Shirley Jones. Shortly thereafter, Florence Sharp and her family began the long process of having the ranch house and surrounding rangeland preserved for future generations. The ranching era finally came to an end in 1998, following the death of Florence Sharp and the sale of the ranch to The Nature Conservancy. In 1999 Arizona State Parks purchased 3,557 acres of the property, including the ranch house, for use as a Natural Area. Arizona State Parks also purchased a conservation easement on the remainder of the original ranch. The San Rafael Ranch includes 18,500 deeded acres and a grazing preference established in 1999 on the natural area held by Arizona State Parks. In 2008, the ranch headquarters was designated a National Historic District, but it is currently not open to the public.</p><br>
<h2>Historic district</h2><br>
<p>The historic district consists of the main ranch house and several ancillary buildings including a machine/blacksmith shop, two barns, corrals, and other structures used in livestock operations. The district is significant both for the French Colonial Revival style of the ranch house, unusual for a rural ranch in Arizona; and as an example of the ranching industry in Arizona from 1884 to 1957.</p><br>
<p>WilliamCornellGreene.jpgColonel William Cornell Greene, owner of the San Rafael Ranch and the Greene Cattle Company.</p><br>
<p>Barn & Corral San Rafael Ranch Arizona 2014.JPGThe barn and the corral next to the San Rafael Ranch House.</p><br>
<p>Old Farm Equipment San Rafael Ranch Arizona 2014.JPGOld farm equipment.</p><br>
<p>Arizona State Parks Truck San Rafael Ranch Arizona 2014.JPGAn Arizona State Parks truck.</p><br>
<p>Oxford Historic District is a national historic district located at Oxford, Granville County, North Carolina. The district encompasses 201 contributing buildings, 1 contributing site, and 2 contributing objects in the central business district and surrounding residential sections of Oxford. It includes buildings dating from the early-19th century through the 1930s and notable examples of Greek Revival and Late Victorian style architecture. Located in the district is the separately listed Granville County Courthouse . Other notable buildings include the Bryant-Kingsbury House , Taylor-McClanahan-Smith House , former Granville County Jail , Oxford Womens Club , Titus Grandy House , Oxford Presbyterian Church , St. Johns College, Lyon-Winston Building , Herndon Block Number 2 , Hunt Building , L. H. Currin-American Tobacco Company , and St. Stephens Episcopal Church .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<p>The Poinsett Lumber and Manufacturing Company Manager&#39;s House, also known locally as the Singer Mansion, is a historic house at 512 Poinsett Avenue in Trumann, Arkansas. It is a single-story structure, with a varied roof line, and multiple exterior sheathing materials, including brick and stucco with false half-timbering typical of the Tudor Revival style, and recently applied modern siding. The house was designed by Edwin B. Phillips and built in 1935 for the Poinsett Lumber Company to house its senior on-site manager. It is, despite the modern siding, the only Tudor Revival building in Trumann, and the only surviving residence associated with the Poinsett Lumber Company, a major area employer in the first half of the 20th century.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2010.</p><br>
<p>The Rivervale Inverted Siphons, also known as the Rivervale Tunnel, are a historic flood control project in rural Poinsett County, Arkansas. It is essentially a very large concrete culvert, which channels the water flow of Ditch Number 4 under the Right Hand Chute Little River, into which it would normally drain. It is located just off Arkansas Highway 135 in northeastern Poinsett County, near its junctions with County Roads 87 and 112. Built in 1924-26, the purpose of the culvert was to reduce the amount of water carried by the Right Hand Chute during major flooding events by diverting the volume of Ditch Number 4 further downstream. As part of a robust series of flood control works, it helped stabilize flood management in the area so that further economic development could take place.</p><br>
<p>The structure was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.</p><br>
<p>The Former Otisfield Town House is a former town hall building at 53 Bell Hill Road in Otisfield, Maine. Built in 1905 to replace a structure dating to the 1790s, it is architecturally reminiscent of mid-19th century rural Maine town halls. It was used as town hall until 1985, and as a polling place until 2002. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The town house is a single-story wood frame structure, with a front-gable roof and a small entrance portico. The main (west-facing) facade is three bays wide, with a center entrance flanked by sash windows. The entrance portico has a fully pedimented gable front on a simple entablature, and is supported by square posts decorated with sawn brackets. Above the entry in the main gable end are a pair of narrower sash windows. The building is four bays deep, and has two small additions in the rear. One houses a pair of primitive toilets, and the other, a rectangular brick structure, houses a vault.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the town houses main block consists of a single large chamber, with doors at the east end leading to the toilets and vault. The interior finish is varnished pine on the walls and ceiling, and fir flooring. The wall finish is vertically laid wainscoting below the windows, and horizontal above the chair rail. A simple, low rail-and-style fence separates a holding area for voting booths, and there is a raised platform for the selectmens table near the doorway to the vault. The building was electrified in 1937, retaining its original fixtures, and the vault was provided in 1935 by the Herring-Hall-Marvin Safe Company of Cincinnati, Ohio.</p><br>
<p>Otisfields first town hall was in the style of a colonial meeting house, used for both religious and civic purposes, and was built c. 1795. In 1838 the local congregation built a new meetinghouse for its use, and the town, rather than constructing a new building for civic use, moved the old structure a short way down the hill. By the early 20th century, that building was failing, and the town built this structure on the old ones site. It was used not just for town functions, but was also rented out for private events. It housed Otisfield&#39;s town meetings until 1985, and was used as a polling place until 2002.</p><br>
<p>The Rosebud Hotel is a historic former hotel building at 7 Circle Drive in Rosebud, South Dakota, the government center of the Rosebud Indian Reservation. It is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, three bays wide, with a hip roof and multiple chimneys. A single-story hip-roofed porch extends across the central portion of the main facade, sheltering a doorway flanked by sidelight windows. The hotel was built in 1879, one year after the reservation was established, to house visiting government officials and unmarried employees of the Bureau of Indian Affairs. It was converted to apartments in 1937, and later housed as the tribal offices of the Brulé Sioux who live on the reservation.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>McCauley Mountain  is a mountain in Columbia County, Pennsylvania, in the United States. Its official elevation is 1,571 ft above sea level. The mountain is a synclinal mountain. Main rock formations on and near it include the Mauch Chunk Formation and the Pottsville Formation. There are also coal deposits on it. The coal deposits were discovered in 1826 and mining of them began in the 1850s. However, coal mining on the east side of the mountain proved to be a commercial failure. There are a number of ponds on the mountain, some of which were created during the mining. However, others are natural vernal pools. Some of the ponds are surrounded by hemlocks and deciduous trees. Major streams near the mountain include Scotch Run, Beaver Run, and Catawissa Creek. The mountain is named after Alexander McCauley, who settled there in 1774.</p><br>
<h2>Geography and climate</h2><br>
<p>McCauley Mountain has an official elevation of 1,571 ft, making it the ninth highest mountain in Columbia County (not counting ridges).</p><br>
<p>McCauley Mountain&#39;s official coordinates are in the United States Geological Survey quadrangle of Shumans. The mountain itself occupies both that quadrangle and the quadrangle of Nuremberg. The mountain is located in northern Beaver Township. It is 9 mi east of the borough of Catawissa.</p><br>
<p>There are a number of wetlands or ponds on McCauley Mountain. Some are natural, but others are likely to be caused by past mining activity on the mountain. The mining activity has altered the mountain&#39;s landscape in some areas.</p><br>
<p>McCauley Mountain is a synclinal mountain. The Catawissa-McCauley Mountain Synclinorium borders the Berwick anticlinorium. An area of rock of the Mauch Chunk Formation along Nescopeck Creek may represent the synlinorium&#39;s main axis.</p><br>
<p>A stream known as Scotch Run runs between McCauley Mountain and Nescopeck Mountain. A stream known as Beaver Run flows between McCauley Mountain and Buck Mountain. Catawissa Creek flows near McCauley Mountain near where Beaver Run flows into the creek.</p><br>
<p>A spot on the site of McCauley Mountain was described as being "one of the coldest spots in the township in winter" in J.H. Beers&#39; 1915 book Historical and Biographical Annals of Columbia and Montour Counties, Pennsylvania.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>McCauley Mountain is surrounded by rock of the Mauch Chunk Formation. This rock formation is at least 2,000 ft thick in this location. Outcroppings of a conglomerate known as the Pottsville Formation appear on the surface of the mountain. There are numerous deposits of coal on the summit of McCauley Mountain.</p><br>
<p>A coal basin known as the McCauley Basin is located on the mountain. This basin is approximately 4 mi northwest of a coal basin known as the Roberts Run Basin.</p><br>
<p>There is an ice lobe from the Illinoian period near the eastern end of McCauley Mountain.</p><br>
<h2>History and etymology</h2><br>
<p>Alexander McCauley, one of the first European settlers in Beaver Township, moved to an area in the vicinity of McCauley Mountain in 1774. The mountain was named for him in the late 1700s or early 1800s.</p><br>
<p>The coal deposits on McCauley Mountain were discovered as early as 1826. A large number of mining operations were carried out on the mountain during the 1800s. The McCauley Railroad Company was incorporated on May 5, 1854 and was built in 1855 and 1856. The company&#39;s railroad ran 5 mi from the Catawissa Railroad to the coal fields on the mountain. The McCauley Railroad Company was merged into the Columbia Iron and Coal Company on April 19, 1858. Mining began in 1858.</p><br>
<p>Attempts at mining coal on the eastern side of McCauley Mountain proved to be a major disaster for all the corporations that attempted it. However, the McCauley Colliery operated on the mountain from 1873 to 1876 and the Glen City Colliery also had operations there. The McCauley Colliery was operated by Long, Fisher and Shaffer, the successor of the Columbia Coal and Iron Company. At around this time, Simon P. Kase owned the western side of the mountain and the land that the McCauley Railroad passed through. Mining operations continued into the 20th century, at least as late as 1911. One mine on the mountain was known as the Glen City mine and it was located south of the community of Glen City. It was on lands partially belonging to Simon P. Kase and was operated by W. A. M. Grier.</p><br>
<p>Historically, there were a number of farms on McCauley Mountain. One of them was owned by H. M. Hess in the early 1900s. As late as the 1910s, the St. Peters Evangelical Lutheran Church (previously known as the Hargers Church) was located on the side of the mountain. In the 1910s, it was the only church building in southern Columbia County.</p><br>
<p>As of 2004, there is a possibility that utility right-of-ways and communication towers will be constructed on McCauley Mountain. The Columbia County Natural Areas Inventory advises against having all terrain vehicle trails near the ponds on the mountain.</p><br>
<h2>Biology</h2><br>
<p>McCauley Mountain is listed as a Locally Significant Site on the Columbia County Natural Areas Inventory. Its priority rank is 5 on a scale of 1 to 5, with 1 being the highest priority.</p><br>
<p>Several of the ponds on McCauley Mountain are surrounded by hemlock trees and other deciduous trees. These patches of deciduous forest are relatively undisturbed.</p><br>
<p>Gair Park is a heritage-listed park and memorial at 181 Annerley Road, Dutton Park, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1936 onwards. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 5 April 2004.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Gair Park is a triangular area of land at the intersection of two major roads at Dutton Park and was developed as a park in 1936 and as a garden of remembrance and memorial following World War II. It now also commemorates subsequent conflicts.</p><br>
<p>The area now that is now known as Dutton Park was originally called Bloggo or Boggo. It was thickly timbered and cut by steep gullies. Some farms were established there in the 1840s, but there were few houses until the 1880s. As transport became available, more people moved to the district. A railway station was opened at Dutton Park in 1884 and the first horse-drawn bus service linking Dutton Park with the Brisbane CBD began in 1890. It was replaced by electric tram in 1908, after which the area developed more rapidly. In 1914 the suburb was renamed in honour of Charles Boydell Dutton, Secretary of Public Lands between 1883 and 1887, and by the late 1920s, was considered fashionable.</p><br>
<p>In the 30 June 1929 edition of the Sunday Mail, an article generally praising the suburb commented unfavourably on the area at the intersection of Annerley and Gladston Road where there was"a vacant triangle of public land which would make a charming little tree shaded reserve, but at the present time it remains little more than a rubbish heap, that is more of a disfigurement to the locality than an acquisition, which it would be if tided up and planted with shade trees"Steps were taken to address this problem in 1936 when the area, previously part of the road reserve, was vested in the Brisbane City Council for general municipal purposes. It was reserved as a park and Gilchrist prepared plans for it in June 1936. In 1938 the planting of fifty trees furthered the development.</p><br>
<p>The new park was named Gair Park in honour of parliamentarian Vincent (Vince) Clair Gair, Labor Member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly for South Brisbane. Born in Rockhampton in 1901, Gair moved to Dutton Park with his parents in 1916. His family was politically active and he became Secretary of the South Brisbane branch of the ALP and by 1924 was its president. He was first elected to the Queensland Parliament in 1932 and gained his first Ministry as Secretary for Mines in 1942. He became Minister for Labour and Employment 1944-50 and Deputy Premier in 1947. In 1950 he became Treasurer and was Queensland Premier in 1951. He introduced the 40-hour working week and was associated with the modernisation of the Factory and Shops Act. In 1957 he was expelled from the Labor Party following a divergence of opinion and became leader of the breakaway Democratic Labor Party in 1964. He was an Australian Senator for the DLP between 1965 and 1973, and then took up the appointment of Ambassador for Ireland until 1976 when he withdrew from politics. He lived locally until his death in 1980 and was always active in his constituency, supporting local institutions particularly those associated with health and children&#39;s welfare.</p><br>
<p>Following World War II, the Dutton Park and District Progress Association applied for permission to build a Memorial Hall. The Brisbane City Council did not favour this scheme and it was suggested that they lease a portion of Dutton Park instead. However, the proposal of the Dutton Park sub-branch of the RSSAILA to develop Gair Park as a Garden of Remembrance with a suitable memorial was approved. The Brisbane City Council Building and Planning Branch prepared plans in 1949. The memorial was in the form of a masonry obelisk set with bronze memorial tablets placed on a plinth of sufficient depth to accommodate the laying of wreaths. It was situated at a corner of the park, at the crest of the rise, and was approached through an avenue of shrubs and hedges. Hugh McKernan constructed the memorial, which was unveiled on Anzac Day 1951 by Lieutenant-General Sir John Lavarack, Governor of Queensland. To the members of the Dutton Park sub-branch it was a major achievement and represented the transformation of what was by then described as an unkept piece of ground into a place of beauty.</p><br>
<p>Australia, and Queensland in particular, had few civic monuments before World War I. The memorials erected in its wake became our first national monuments, recording the devastating impact of war on a young nation. Australia lost 60,000 from a population of about 4 million, representing one in five of those who served. No previous or subsequent war has made such an impact on the nation and the majority of Australian war memorials date from this era. Monumental memorials built following World War II and subsequent conflicts are less common and many comprise additions to earlier memorials or practical projects, such as public recreational facilities. As a cenotaph in a Garden of Remembrance dating from World War II, therefore, the memorial is of a less common type in Queensland. It has had memorials to previous and subsequent conflicts added to it.</p><br>
<p>The park setting has become less formal over time. In 1954 approval was given for the construction of a small concrete wall along the full length of the Annerley Road frontage with recesses for park seats and a new flowerbed in the Gladstone and Annerley Road corner. In the 1960s an avenue of eucalypts replaced earlier plantings. In 1973-74 the Multiple Sclerosis Society requested tables and chairs be provided to encourage use of the park by the inmates of the nearby convalescent home. The park now contains a picnic area and a number of shelters.</p><br>
<p>Gair Park is now used for informal outdoor recreational, cultural and educational activities. Ceremonies are held there on Anzac Day to honour war dead.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Gair Park, a garden of remembrance containing a cenotaph, is a triangular piece of land bounded by Annerley Road, Gladstone Road and Maldon Street at Dutton Park. It is undulating in form and slopes down towards the road junction. The northeast corner has been truncated to close access to Maldon Street from Annerley Road and a side road has been cut to the south linking Gladstone Road and Annerley Road.</p><br>
<p>The memorial is situated near the western corner of the park at the top of a grassy avenue flanked by hedges and eucalypt trees. It is in the form of an obelisk, 20 foot high and square in section composed of coursed blocks of Brisbane tuff (porphyry). It is set on a sloping plinth faced with masonry tiles and is surrounded by a paved area. Bronze memorial tablets beneath bronze laurel wreaths are set low on the sides of the shaft. These are inscribed "In Memory of Fallen Comrades" with the dates beneath commemorating the First and Second World Wars and the Korean, Malaya, Vietnam and Borneo conflicts. The fourth plaque commemorates the dedication of the memorial and is inscribed "Unveiled by his Excellency the Governor of Queensland Lieutenant General Sir John Laverack KBE, CB, CMG, DSO and dedicated by Reverend A G Reilly on 25 April 1951".</p><br>
<p>On the plinth are plaques inscribed "Lest We Forget. Dutton Park sub branch RSSAILA" and "Lest We Forget. Yeronga, Dutton Park RSL Branch. Merged 3.2.1964". The park also contains a number of park seats and timber shelters and scattered plantings.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Gair Park was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 5 April 2004 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Gair Park is a garden of remembrance and cenotaph commemorating the war dead of the Dutton Park district. Memorials that pay tribute to war dead are an important element of Queensland towns and cities and demonstrate the way in which involvement in war has helped to shape the pattern of Queensland&#39;s history. They represent a conscious expression of Australian patriotism and sense of nationhood and reflect the public taste and social attitudes of their time.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>A high proportion of war memorials in Queensland were built to commemorate World War I. Gair Park is less common in that the garden and cenotaph were constructed following World War II. After this conflict, adding to existing memorials or constructing practical memorials, such as public facilities, more commonly remembered the fallen. Gair Park is a good example of it type as a cenotaph in a formal garden of remembrance.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>Gair Park is important for the aesthetic qualities of both the parkland setting and the war memorial it contains. The cenotaph is dramatically sited at the top of a grassy slope rising above Annerley Road at a major traffic intersection and is a landmark in the area.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>Gair Park and its memorial have a strong association with the community of Dutton Park as evidence of the impact of a major historic event on the district and also as a major project of the Dutton Park sub branch of the RSSAILA (now RSL). It is also an important ceremonial and recreational venue.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Gair Park is linked to the life and work of former Queensland Premier, Vincent Clair Gair (1902–1980), and its naming acknowledges his active support for the area while Member of the Legislative Assembly for South Brisbane.</p><br>
<p>Hefferan Park Air Raid Shelter is a heritage-listed former air raid shelter at 260 Annerley Road, Annerley, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Frank Gibson Costello and built in by the Brisbane City Council. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 6 April 2005.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Brisbane City Council built the concrete shelter at Hefferan Park as an air raid shelter in 1942. Hefferan Park was named after Brisbane City Council alderman William Vincent Hefferan at the suggestion of the Australian Labor Party.</p><br>
<p>On 7 December 1941, the United States of America entered World War II following the bombing of the American fleet at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii by Japanese carrier-borne aircraft. England and its Commonwealth had been at war with Germany since September 1939, but now the war was truly global. The Japanese first bombed Darwin on 19 February 1942 and 14,000 Australians were taken prisoner following the fall of Singapore. Plans to defend Australia from an anticipated Japanese invasion and to use Queensland as a support base for the conduct of the Pacific war were implemented quickly. Australian and American personnel poured into Queensland and urgently required a wide range of new buildings and facilities.</p><br>
<p>The population of Brisbane swelled dramatically. As it was the major city in Queensland, and the most northerly major population centre in Australia, military planning headquarters were set up in Brisbane, as were a number of important maintenance, communication, and supply facilities. General Douglas MacArthur, Commander in Chief of the Allied Forces, Southwest Pacific, was based in the AMP building at the corner of Queen Street and Edward Street in Brisbane, and General Sir Thomas Blamey, Commander in Chief of the Australian Forces, used the recently constructed University of Queensland buildings at St Lucia. Brisbane was obviously a strategic target for bombing, and rapid action had to be taken to protect the population in the event of air raids.</p><br>
<p>The demand on materials, services and labour was enormous and military projects took precedence in their allocation. Heavy Anti-Aircraft batteries were built at Victoria Park, Hendra, Pinkenba, Fort Lytton, Hemmant and Balmoral, and coastal artillery batteries were established on Bribie and Moreton Islands. Before the war, Queensland had a small population and no heavy manufacturing industries. To help overcome these problems, some buildings were prefabricated and standard designs for many structures were used. Designs took into account the scarcity of skilled labour and of some materials.</p><br>
<p>The Brisbane City Council took responsibility for Air Raid Precautions activities, including establishing an Air Raid Warden system, firefighting systems and constructing air raid shelters. Aboveground salt water pipes were laid along city streets to aid in firefighting. On Christmas Eve, 1941, each Australian State&#39;s Emergency Committee issued instructions for government, private employers and private households to immediately start building shelters. Slit trenches were built in parks and schoolyards, windows were taped, and brownouts were applied to buildings.</p><br>
<p>In the Protection of Persons and Property Order No.1, gazetted 23 December 1941, Premier William Forgan Smith, with powers conferred by Regulation 35a, National Security (General) Regulations, ordered the Brisbane City Council to construct 200 public surface shelters in the city area. Work had already started on 15 December, and later another 75 shelters were ordered. However, only 235 air raid shelters were constructed, the building programme being 90% complete by June 1942. In addition, around three kilometres of covered trenches were constructed in public parks, in 13 projects, including 315 metres of concrete-pipe covered trench in the City Botanic Gardens, and 150m of the same in Victoria Park. It was believed that one person could be accommodated by each foot of trench. In addition to the public shelters, the Brisbane City Council also constructed shelters for leased wharves and council properties, including at the Stanley Wharf, Circular Quay Wharves 2,3 and 4, Norman Wharf, and Musgrave Wharf. Shelters were built under the Story Bridge, for Kangaroo Point shipbuilding workers, and five shelters were constructed on behalf of the Bureau of Industry at the Howard Smith Wharves.</p><br>
<p>The Protection of Persons and Property Order No.1 was applied statewide, and outside Brisbane another 24 local government authorities in Queenslands coastal areas were ordered to produce surface or trench shelters for the public, to be built according to the Air Raid Shelter Code laid down in the Second Schedule of Order No.1. Initially, 20 of the local authorities were expected to construct a minimum total of 133 surface shelters, which were supposed to be able to withstand the blast of a 500-pound bomb bursting 50 feet away. Four other local authorities would only build trenches. However, after plans were amended, 23 local authorities outside Brisbane, excluding Thursday Island, ended up possessing a total of 129 public shelters: 123 surface and six underground. This effort had cost £56,596. Where local authorities were unwilling or unable to build the required number of code-compliant shelters, in some cases because they had already begun erecting other shelters, the Department of Public Works became responsible for the shelters construction. However, this led to problems when the Department tried to recoup half of the cost from the local authorities in question. Townsville, Toowoomba, Gladstone, and Ayr denied any liability for costs, and a Bill had to be passed in December 1942 to force their compliance. The Ayr Shire Council had claimed that the shelters would be death traps during an air raid.</p><br>
<p>Of the 235 surface shelters built in Brisbane for the public, 21 survive and are still owned by the Brisbane City Council. One of the shelters, on Queens Wharf Road, is a site-specific "special" variation of the standard pillbox design. It is listed in the Queensland Heritage Register as part of the entry for the William Street retaining wall. The other 20 public shelters owned by the Brisbane City Council can be divided into three types of pillbox intended for conversion after the war: "park", "bus", and "bus (stone)". They were designed to serve as structures such as bus waiting shelters or shade structures for parks, with some or all of the perimeter blast walls to be removed, leaving the concrete slab roof, floor slab and piers. The reusable pillboxes were designed to hold 70 people, as were the non-reusable standard pillboxes.</p><br>
<p>F.G. Costello, Brisbane City Council Architect between 1941 and 1952, was responsible for the design of the surface air raid shelters, and his variants of the standard pillbox were designed to provide a post-war utility for at least part of the Council&#39;s shelter building programme. In an address delivered to the Constitutional Club in Brisbane on February 1942, Costello noted that "if the emergency for their use does not arise...(unused shelters)... remain in brick and concrete, in many cases having no further value and being a possible source of nuisance". He added that "I can assure you that wherever it is possible, without sacrificing the primary requirements of shelter from air attack, I have endeavoured in our Council buildings to so plan the shelters that they will fit into schemes of improvement which we hope will proceed immediately after the war".</p><br>
<p>Costello&#39;s work was characterised by the use of an architectural language inspired by the modern movement in architecture. This movement pursued the rational use of modern materials and principles of functionalist planning and established a visual aesthetic largely inspired by the machine. It was part of an architecture employing the language of vertical and horizontal volumes and planes, floating flat roofs, masses set against voids and monumentality. Though modest in scale and form, the design of the shelters is characteristic of work in this idiom. The reusable shelters were often sited under fig trees, to aid in camouflage.</p><br>
<p>The first of Costellos reusable designs is the pillbox with double-cantilevered roof slab, or "park" type shelter. In an original list of all the shelters constructed by the Brisbane City Council, these were simply labelled as "cantilever". They had four central piers supporting the roof slab, which allowed for the removal of the four blast walls after the war. There was an entrance at each end of the front wall, where an internal wall extended into the shelter. If the walls were made of brick, the shelters dimension was 409" by 133" by 86" high, and if concrete was used the dimensions were 40 by 126" by 86" high. The difference was due to the fact that the brick walls finished in line with the top of the roof slab, covering the fascia, whereas the concrete walls finished at the soffit of the roof slab, flush with the fascia. The minimum wall thickness for brick was set at 13.5", and 12" for concrete. The roof slab was intended to have at least four inches of concrete.</p><br>
<p>Of the 37 reusable shelters listed as being of the park type only 17 survive: one at Hefferan Park in Annerley; two at Albert Park; two at Wickham Park; one in Buranda Playground in Woolloongabba; two in Raymond Park in Kangaroo Point; and one each at Kelvin Grove, Morningside, Nundah, Stones Corner, and Windsor. Four other shelters stand on East Street and Wickham Street in Fortitude Valley. Most are used as simple park shelters, as intended, but the shelter at Nundah has been modified as a toilet block, and the shelter at Kelvin Grove is used as a bus shelter (as distinct from those shelters in the next category, which were specifically designed as "bus" type shelters). About half of the surviving park shelters had concrete blast walls, while half used brick.</p><br>
<p>The second design was the pillbox with single-cantilevered roof slab, or "bus" type shelter, as it was called in the original Brisbane City Council list. These were designed so that the three brick blast walls could be removed after the war, leaving a concrete back wall and five brick piers at the front. Again, entrances were at each end of the front wall. Of the 19 "bus" types listed only two survive, at Newmarket and Newstead.</p><br>
<p>The third design was also a "bus" type shelter, but it was built with a stone rear wall, instead of concrete, and six stone piers were later added, instead of five brick piers. The three brick blast walls could be removed as normal. Two of these "colonnade" types were built- referred to in the Brisbane City Council list as "bus (stone)"- and only one survives, at King Edward Park.</p><br>
<p>Most of the Brisbane structures built for the war were removed at the end of World War II. The saltwater mains, slit trenches, and sirens disappeared, as did the many standard pillboxes that had stood in the middle of the streets of the central business district. 156 standard pillboxes were built, but none of the surviving public shelters in Brisbane City Council ownership are of that design. Of the 21 special shelters, only the one on Queens Wharf Road survives. However, of Costellos 58 reusable public surface shelters, 20 have survived; the removal of their blast walls, as planned, had given them a renewed purpose. The workers shelters at the Story Bridge and Howard Smith Wharves also still exist.</p><br>
<p>The blast walls of the Hefferan Park air raid shelter were removed according to plan after World War II, although evidence of the location of the walls is still visible. The shelter roof and piers have been painted and concrete pavers have been laid on the floor.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Hefferan Park air raid shelter is a rectangular concrete structure comprising a heavy floor slab and a flat roof supported by concrete piers. It stands adjacent to a playground under the canopies of mature fig trees in the northern end of Hefferan Park, which is located at a major road intersection, and is near the Dutton Park railway station. The roof of the shelter is painted light green. The bottom sections of the piers are painted red, while the upper sections of the piers are painted white. The floor of the shelter is paved with red and white pavers in a diagonal pattern.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Hefferan Park Air Raid Shelter was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 6 April 2005 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Hefferan Park air raid shelter is important as a part of the Air Raid Precaution activities that were implemented for the defence of Brisbane during World War II. Designed to afford protection to the civilian population of Brisbane in the event of air raid attacks or other emergencies, the air raid shelter located in Hefferan Park is important in demonstrating the impact of World War II on the civilian population of Brisbane.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>Although many air raid shelters were constructed during World War II in Queensland, comparatively few survive. Also, there are not many types of structures built by the Brisbane City Council during World War II, for wartime purposes, which survive.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The shelter&#39;s solid construction, rectangular shape, and its siting near a population concentration, demonstrate the principal characteristics of a World War II Brisbane public air raid shelter.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating a high degree of creative or technical achievement at a particular period.</p><br>
<p>The Hefferan Park air raid shelter, now used as a park shelter, demonstrates the secondary uses that were part of the original design intention. The shelter is a durable example of innovative design and use of concrete technology during World War II.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The air raid shelter is important as an example of the wartime work of the City Architect&#39;s Office and particularly the work of City Architect F.G. Costello.</p><br>
<p>Woolloongaba Post Office is a heritage-listed former post office at 765 Stanley Street, Woolloongabba, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Thomas Pye and built in 1905 by Thomas Rees. It is also known as Woolloongabba Post & Telegraph Office. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 24 January 2003.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Woolloongabba Post & Telegraph Office was constructed in 1905 for the Commonwealth Department of Home Affairs, to a plan designed and supervised by the Queensland Government Architect in the Queensland Department of Public Works.</p><br>
<p>It replaced an earlier Woolloongabba Post & Telegraph Office, opened in rented premises in Logan Road, in 1887. The population of Woolloongabba, which had grown steadily between the 1860s and 1880s, increased rapidly following the expansion of the railway line to Woolloongabba in 1884, and the extension of the electric tramway to Woolloongabba/East Brisbane in 1897. During the 1880s and 1890s the Gabba developed as Brisbanes fourth major shopping centre, the others being Brisbane CBD, Fortitude Valley and Stanley Street at South Brisbane. By the turn of the century, most of the allotments facing Stanley Street, Logan Road and Ipswich Road at the Woolloongabba Fiveways were fully developed commercial sites.</p><br>
<p>Following the separation of Queensland from New South Wales in 1859 and prior to Federation of Australia in 1901, the Queensland Government organised the postal service for the state. In 1901 the newly established Commonwealth Government became responsible for communications, and the Commonwealth Postmaster-General&#39;s Department was created. The transfer of responsibilities from the States to the Commonwealth was gradual, and the Queensland Department of Works continued to carry out design and documentation of post offices on behalf of the Commonwealth Government until.</p><br>
<p>Alfred Barton Brady was employed with the Queensland Government as Government Architect from 1892-1922. Brady claimed that he always advised on arrangement, style and materials, but it appears that his Senior Assistant, Thomas Pye supervised much of the detailed design. During the 30 years they worked together in the Department, Brady and Pye assembled a talented group of architects and draftsmen who were considered the equal of any in Australia, including from 1893 to 1903 John Smith Murdoch, who was to become Commonwealth Director-General of Works in 1927. Pye later served as deputy government architect from 1906 to 1921, and a major example of his work is the former Executive Building (now known as the Land Administration Building) in William Street. From the office of the Government Architect there developed a tradition of fine government buildings, including many post offices, customs houses and court houses throughout the State.</p><br>
<p>A new post office building was proposed as early as 1901, and approval was given in August 1902 to purchase the present site for £1,250. The site was previously owned by the Wesleyan Methodist Church, and provided the Commonwealth with the opportunity to acquire a site for the post office that was on one of the three major streets which formed the Fiveways and was within close proximity of the centre of local activity, the Wooloongabba Branch railway line and the tramway.</p><br>
<p>In October 1903 the Commonwealth requested the Queensland Department of Public Works to prepare sketch plans for the building and to survey the site.</p><br>
<p>Working plans for the building were completed in 1904, under Pye&#39;s supervision.</p><br>
<p>The design accommodated a large mail room on the ground floor and residential accommodation for the postmaster on the first. This comprised dining and sitting rooms, four bedrooms, kitchen, bathroom, scullery, store, rear verandah and front piazza. The latter was a concession to the climate which was unusual in commercial buildings of the time. Provision was made for a ground floor extension along the northwestern side.</p><br>
<p>Tenders were called in February–March 1905, and the contract was let to builder Thomas Rees with a price of £2,174.</p><br>
<p>Completed in November 1905, the Woolloongabba Post & Telegraph Office was one of only five masonry post offices constructed in Queensland between 1900 and 1910. In addition to Woolloongabba, these included post offices at Ipswich (1900), Stanthorpe (1901), Cairns (1906, no longer extant) and Mount Morgan (1910).</p><br>
<p>The ground floor of the building has undergone several alterations, as the spaces were re-organised to suit the changing functions of the post office. The first floor ceased to function as a residence during the 1950s, and was converted for use by the staff and the district inspector. During the 1960s the first floor was further altered to include a mail room, and most of the remaining partitions were removed. The building was refurbished in 1988, and from 1989 the first floor was leased to the Genealogical Society of Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The building closed as a post office in 1994, although some offices remain in use by Australia Post.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The former Woolloongabba Post Office is a two-storeyed rendered masonry building with cement dressings and hipped corrugated iron roofs, located on the corner of Stanley and Hubert Streets. It is richly decorated, and makes a prominent contribution through form, scale and detail to the predominantly parapeted commercial streetscape of Stanley St.</p><br>
<p>Originally constructed to accommodate a post and telegraph office on the ground floor, and a residence on the first floor, the form and detail of the exterior of the building is skilfully designed to articulate the domestic and public roles of the building. The post office is composed as a single major volume under a hipped roof with ventilated gables, with an attached tower over the entrance vestibule at the corner of Hubert and Stanley Sts. On the north elevation, facing Stanley St, the residence sits behind a "piazza" or loggia. Towards the rear facing Hubert St, the building, assumes a more domestic character, with a prominent and richly detailed awning, a separate, smaller hipped roof, and a chimney which rises above the roof line. The southern (rear) frontage has a deep timber verandah, and the western frontage overlooking the service lane is unrendered and undecorated. The building has deep eaves with shaped rafter ends.</p><br>
<p>The two street-facing elevations have horizontal tripartite ornamentation, comprising: a square-snecked rubble stone plinth; cement string course to ground floor sill level; course aggregate rendered walls to the piano nobile; and unrendered brickwork expressed as pilasters above a first floor string course. These elevations are linked with cement banding. The corner tower has large openings at the base with deep lintels with dentils and scrolls. The single windows above have pilasters and single scrolled brackets under the sill, and are surmounted by deep arched hood mouldings with cartouches. The tower roof is topped with an idiosyncratic concave peak and finial. The Stanley St frontage has paired windows to the ground floor either side of a set of three windows surmounted by the central feature of the elevation; an arch with dentils over small cartouches around a large, elaborate cartouche bearing the words POST & TELEGRAPH OFFICE. The more recently added metal WOOLLOONGABBA POST OFFICE, also appears on the Stanley St elevation. The loggia above has brick spandrels and columns with rounded cement capitals.</p><br>
<p>The openings to the Hubert St elevations have dentils to the ground floor, and single scrolled brackets and sills to the first floor. The main entrance to the former residence on Hubert St comprises a timber-lined barrel vault supported on delicate metal brackets, over a central door with a coloured glass arched fanlight flanked by single windows. A second entrance is provided around the corner on the south elevation, which also has an arched coloured glass fanlight and an arched brick lintel.</p><br>
<p>The verandah to the south, now partially enclosed, has a timber balustrade with timber posts, and timber battens to the verandah soffit. The brickwork to the south is unrendered, revealing splayed brick lintels.</p><br>
<p>Internally, the former residence is accessed via a set of timber stairs in the south eastern corner of the building. The stairs have turned balusters and substantial newel posts with chamfered rectangular tops. On the first floor, the former residence partition walls have been removed, however the remaining large space retains its timber lined ceilings, a single fretwork ceiling ventilator panel, a former kitchen fireplace, and a fireplace in the south eastern corner with fine timber panelling and ceramic tiled surrounds. Some of the decorative ironmongery remains, including wall ventilator panels, escutcheon plates, and a teardrop-shaped door handle at the ground floor entrance.</p><br>
<p>The ground floor has also undergone substantial alterations with the installation of new partitions for offices and new ceilings, but retains a central cast-iron column and panelled beams traversing the former large mail room. The column has an identification plate at its base which reads HARVEY Margaret St Brisbane.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Woolloongaba Post Office (former) was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 24 January 2003 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The former Woolloongabba Post Office survives as evidence of the rapid growth of Woolloongabba which accompanied the expansion of public transport in Brisbane around the turn of the century. Both the population boom and the substantial masonry post office building at Woolloongabba are illustrative of the late 1890s/early 1900s economic high on which Queensland entered the 20th century.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The former Woolloongabba Post Office is one of few extant substantial masonry post office buildings erected in Queensland during the early 20th century.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The form and detail of the exterior of the building is skilfully designed to articulate the domestic and public roles of the building. The former post office illustrates competency in design and workmanship, and reflects the high standard of Government buildings in Queensland, designed by the Department of Public Works during the early 20th century. When erected, the building was unusual for its incorporation of a piazza in a commercial building.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The former post office, located within the predominantly commercial Stanley Street streetscape, displays fine quality public architecture with a strong civic presence.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The former post office illustrates competency in design and workmanship, and reflects the high standard of Government buildings in Queensland, designed by the Department of Public Works during the early 20th century.</p><br>
<p>The Camp Lincoln Commissary Building is a historic building on the grounds of Camp Lincoln, a National Guard camp in Springfield, Illinois. Built in 1903, the commissary is the oldest building remaining at Camp Lincoln. The camp, which opened in 1886, had previously used tents or temporary buildings for most of its activities, and the commissary soon became the camps center of activity; it has served as a headquarters, barracks, hospital, and physical examination center at various points. The Culver Stone Company, which constructed several of Springfields public buildings, built the commissary. The rusticated limestone building is designed to resemble a castle, as it features turrets and battlements along its roof. The building now houses a military museum.</p><br>
<p>The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 13, 1984.</p><br>
<p>Broadway Hotel is a heritage-listed hotel at 93 Logan Road, Woolloongabba, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by John Hall & Son and built from 1889 to by Wooley & Whyte. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992. The building now lies in significant disrepair and neglect, covered in graffiti and broken panelling.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Broadway Hotel was built in 1889-90 for Brisbane publican Michael McKenna, formerly of the nearby Woolloongabba Hotel. The Brisbane architectural firm John Hall & Son executed the design and the builders were Wooley & Whyte, who won the contract with a tender price of £4,820. Tenders were called in July and August 1889, and McKenna was advertising for custom by mid-October 1890.</p><br>
<p>John Hall & Son were an established Brisbane architectural practice, whose late 1880s Brisbane hotels included the Oriental Hotel, corner of Albert and Mary Streets (1885–86), the Pineapple Hotel, Main Street, Kangaroo Point (1886–87), the Brisbane Bridge Hotel, Stanley Street, South Brisbane (1886–87), the Treasury Hotel, corner of George and Elizabeth Streets (1887–88), the Junction Hotel, corner of Logan and Cleveland Roads, Stones Corner (1887–88), Grahams Hotel, Stanley Street, South Brisbane (1887–88), the Edinburgh Castle Hotel, Gympie Road, Kedron (1888), the Broadway Hotel, corner of Logan Road and Balaclava (Short) Street, Woolloongabba (1889–90) and Burkes Hotel at the intersection of Annerley and Stephens Roads, South Brisbane (1889–90). In 1890 they were also the successful competition winners for the South Brisbane Municipal Chambers. Architect John Smith Murdoch, Chief Architect of the Commonwealth 1926-30, worked in John Hall & Sons office from the late 1880s to 1893, and according to architect JVD Coutts, was responsible for the design of the South Brisbane Municipal Chambers and the Broadway and Burkes hotels.</p><br>
<p>The site at the corner of Logan Road and Balaclava (Short) Street had been transferred to McKenna in January 1889. The location was a prominent one, close to the intersection of Wellington and Logan roads, the latter being a major Brisbane arterial road. In the second half of the 1880s, the East Brisbane-Woolloongabba-Buranda-Stones Corner-Coorparoo areas experienced a population and housing boom, largely associated with the expansion of Brisbane&#39;s railway and tramway systems. The first section of the tramway along Logan Road extended to Maynard Street, Buranda and opened in 1887. The new Broadway Hotel, located prominently to take advantage of the increased traffic flow between Brisbane and the eastern suburbs, was an imposing structure designed to attract attention, and rapidly became a well-known local landmark.</p><br>
<p>The substantial three-storeyed hotel was designed to cater for country visitors as well. When opened in 1890, the attendant advertising in The Southern World of 22 October emphasised the proximity of the new hotel to the Woolloongabba Fiveways, and that country visitors would be well catered for with superior accommodation. This included single and double bedrooms, bathrooms, and drawing rooms, with luxurious and comfortable appointments throughout. The hotel offered Extensive and Superior Stabling and trams and buses passed the hotel every five minutes.</p><br>
<p>McKenna remained the proprietor and licensee until 1903, when he leased the hotel to a succession of licensees. In 1917 he sold the property to the Castlemaine Brewery of Quinlan Gray & Co. From 1949 until the early 1980s the licensees were Ron and Ivy Hogarth. In the mid-1980s the hotel was bought by Quetel Pty Ltd and in 1987 was leased to Pub Revive Pty Ltd who undertook a program of refurbishment.</p><br>
<p>In 1998, Malcolm Nyst, a Brisbane doctor and brother of lawyer and author Chris Nyst bought the hotel for $700,000. Carl Ditterich, a former football player, and his family took over the management of the hotel in early 2010. They established a farmers&#39; market in the car park. In July 2010, a fire extensively damaged the hotel which was under-insured. Basic repairs were undertaken but the hotel has remained closed since. In May 2014 the property was for sale.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Broadway Hotel is a substantial three storeyed brick building, occupying a prominent corner site with principal facades on Logan Road and Balaclava Street, Woolloongabba.</p><br>
<p>The building is an elaborate example of late Victorian architecture in Brisbane, influenced by the eclecticism of the "Queen Anne" movement, popularised by English architect, Richard Norman Shaw in the 1880s. It was designed in the tradition of substantial English corner pubs, gaining patronage by attracting the attention of passing trade, using elaborate architectural forms and detailing as advertisement for the business.</p><br>
<p>When constructed, the Broadway Hotel was of face brick with terracotta and polychrome brick detailing, much like the work of Norman Shaw, particularly his New Scotland Yard (1887–90), and the Tottenham and Rising Sun pubs in London.</p><br>
<p>The building is asymmetrically arranged, with a principal corner entrance, emphasised by an octagonal tower surmounted by a spire projecting above the roof line of the building. The tower is expressed on the ground floor by an arched entrance portico. The first floor is pierced with square headed arched door openings with terracotta keystones integrated into a continuous decorative moulding; and on the second floor by round headed arched openings bounding an open octagonal seating area.</p><br>
<p>The rolled zinc mansard roof is partially concealed by a series of Dutch gables, correlating to the bays of windows on the body of the building. Two brick chimney stacks with terracotta corbelling project from the roof.</p><br>
<p>The north facade, which addresses Logan Road, features a principal central bay formed by a pedimentted gable above a wide arched opening with Italianate balustrade, forming a small porch on the second floor and three round headed arched windows on the first floor. This is flanked by two subsidiary bays with gables surmounted by smaller segmental pediments on moulded pilasters at the second floor level and classically derived aedicule window openings below. The ground floor of these subsidiary bays features a tripartite window arrangement of a large central opening flanked by narrower openings with rounded corners.</p><br>
<p>The Balaclava Street facade, features two vertical bays, defined by similar pedimented gables to those found on the Logan Road facade. Two doorways are found at street level, accessing what were originally the various bars of the hotel. Extending southward from the main body of the building is a one storeyed rendered brick extension.</p><br>
<p>The Broadway Hotel has a ground floor wherein the bars and public rooms would have been situated, and two floors above where accommodation, sitting rooms and bathroom facilities were provided. The walls and ceilings throughout the interior are plastered and the floors are generally timber.</p><br>
<p>The public bar area, now one large room on the principal corner of the building, features a timber bar in the corner opposite the entrance. The walls are lined with timber panelling to two metres, braced and edged with timber mouldings. High quality timber joinery surrounds the windows and doors in the bar. The remaining ground floor areas are substantially altered from original form.</p><br>
<p>The building has a dog leg stair, rising from a ground floor hall off the Logan Road entrance, in which a plaster archway supported on reeded piers separates the stairwell from the entrance. The stair features turned and moulded newels, surmounted by globular finials, and turned balusters.</p><br>
<p>The upper floors retain their early layout, with rooms accessed from wide corridors, of timber floors and plaster ceilings, featuring elaborate cornices, ceiling roses and plaster archways. The rooms are generally larger, with better fittings on the second floor, and more rudimentary accommodation provided on the first. A large second floor room on the principal corner of the building, accessing the small balcony in the tower, features an ebonised and marbellised timber fireplace, with iron register grate intact. Bathrooms throughout the interior have been modernised.</p><br>
<p>Interior joinery throughout the first and second floor remains intact and of high quality, although now heavily painted. Most internal doors are four panelled, with operable transom windows above, occasionally arched. Half glazed French doors open onto the verandahs from internal rooms.</p><br>
<p>Attached by a walkway to the south elevation of the building is an open elevated pavilion, bound on three sides by round headed arched arcades of three bays each. The rear north wall of the pavilion has two large rectangular openings. This structure is of substantial rendered brick construction, with stringcourses and detailing around the arches, and a corrugated iron hipped roof.</p><br>
<p>In the south corner of the site is a small one storeyed reinforced concrete building, with two entrances of simple timber doors with openings above. The concrete is impressed with the pattern of timber formwork, and has curved corners near the doorways. The building has parapeted facades and a flat skillion roof. It is thought that this may be an air raid shelter.</p><br>
<p>An alfresco dining area has been created by enclosing the Logan Road footpath with lattice panelling. A drive in bottle shop has been inserted in the west elevation of the building.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Broadway Hotel was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Broadway Hotel is important in demonstrating the evolution and pattern of Queensland&#39;s history, providing evidence of:</p><br>
<p>1. the pattern of 1880s boom era confidence which lead to a massive building boom throughout Queensland, and most pronouncedly in Brisbane</p><br>
<p>2. the evolution of the Woolloongabba-East Brisbane area in response to the growth of the tramway system</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The Broadway Hotel is important in illustrating the principal characteristics of a large, masonry, 1880s hotel in Brisbane, designed both as a local landmark to attract regular local custom, and as superior accommodation to attract country/family visitors. It remains substantially intact, and is a good illustration of its type in both design and function.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The Broadway Hotel is a well composed building which makes a strong contribution to the Woolloongabba townscape and to the streetscape along that part of Logan Road. It occupies a prominent position on Logan Road and is a local landmark.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Broadway Hotel has a special association with the work of prominent Brisbane architects John Hall & Son, and in particular with architect John Smith Murdoch of that firm, to whom the design is attributed.</p><br>
<p>Norman Hotel is a heritage-listed hotel at 102 Ipswich Road, Woolloongabba, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by John Beauchamp Nicholson and built from 1889 to 1890. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 12 July 2005.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Norman Hotel was built in 1889 for Robert Heaslop to a design from the office of John Beauchamp Nicholson. It is a brick hotel prominently sited at the corner of Qualtrough Street on the busy Ipswich Road.</p><br>
<p>In 1859, at the time of separation from New South Wales, the road between Brisbane and Ipswich was considered by the incoming Governor of Queensland to be the only good road in Queensland and is still a major thoroughfare. At this time, quite a number of Europeans lived around the junction of the five tracks that were to become the Woolloongabba Fiveways, though it was not then thought of as a residential area. In June 1864 William Qualtrough purchased Lots 72 and 73 of Sub 167 on the Ipswich Road. He died in 1870 and left the land to his widow, Elizabeth.</p><br>
<p>In the 1880s Woolloongabba developed quickly, together with the adjoining suburbs of East Brisbane, Buranda and Stones Corner, following the expansion of the railway and tramway systems and the growth of associated commerce and light industry. In 1881 a dry dock was established at South Brisbane and the nearby coal wharves were linked to a railway goods yard at Woolloongabba in 1884. The first (horse drawn) trams in Brisbane ran between Woolloongabba and Newstead in 1885 and had reached Buranda by 1887.</p><br>
<p>In 1885 Robert Heaslop purchased the Ipswich Road land from Mrs Qualtrough. He appears to have been a member of a family that had retail interests in the area.</p><br>
<p>South Brisbane and Woolloongabba were amalgamated to form the City of South Brisbane in 1888 and in the following year the first Post Office opened in Woolloongabba and was serviced by tram. The area was booming, as was the Queensland economy generally, and Robert Heaslop chose this year to build a substantial hotel on his land, registering a mortgage on the title for £3,500 in November 1889. The expansion of the population in the area is reflected in the building of other hotels at the time, such as the Woolloongabba Hotel (1887), the Railway Hotel (1889) and Burkes Hotel (1890). Heaslops new hotel was built by F Steffans and designed by John Beauchamp Nicholson.</p><br>
<p>John Beauchamp Nicholson was born in 1852 in Surry and arrived in Brisbane around 1876. After working as a clerk and foreman for the contractor and later architect, Andrew Murphie and for plumber Hiram Wakefield, he set up an architectural office in October 1885. He worked in partnership with Constantin Mathea between 1886 and January 1887, with J Sinclair Ferguson and with Alfred R L Wright from March 1890 until going into involuntary liquidation in January 1891. During these few years, Nicholson&#39;s office designed a variety of handsome and substantial buildings including Lady Musgrave Lodge in 1891 and the 1888 Princess Theatre, Woolloongabba at Woolloongabba, though a good proportion of the work catered for the liquor trade and included a number of fine hotels and the Lion Brewery in Townsville.</p><br>
<p>The Norman Hotel opened in June 1890 with Heaslop as the first licensee. To fulfil the conditions of the 1885 Licensing Acct, the licensee had to live on the premises, so the licence was quickly transferred to Henry Marsden, previously publican of the Bowen Hotel in South Brisbane. Heaslop was able to keep an eye on the premises, however, living just across the road from the hotel. Marsden remained as licensee until 1892 when J C Hauer briefly held the licence before it was transferred to Samuel Heaslop, possibly a relative of the owner. In December 1896 the hotel was leased to Percy Hubbard at 5.10.0 per week. The lease was transferred to John Dwyer in July 1897, though the licence continued in Hubbard&#39;s name until 1898. John, then Mary Dwyer, held the licence until 1900, when the brewing company of Perkins & Co purchased the hotel.</p><br>
<p>Perkins & Co was one of two breweries, established by Irish families, who had first set up business in Castlemaine, Victoria. Perkins and the Castlemaine Brewery had established breweries in Brisbane and competed for trade. Both undertook the purchase of hotels as "tied houses" selling only their own beer as part of this competition, Perkins purchasing Burke&#39;s Hotel in 1901 and Castlemaine the nearby Broadway Hotel in 1917. Perkins & Co leased the Norman Hotel to a series of publicans and in 1928 the Castlemaine Brewery and Quinlan Gray and Company purchased Perkins & Co. Ltd.</p><br>
<p>From 1900 the Woolloongabba area experienced a slow decline and the hotel, though changing licensees, remained much the same. The main bar was renovated in the 1960s, though little other change occurred until the late 20th century. In 1987 the Cavill family of hoteliers purchased the Norman Hotel. They purchased adjoining land and added a beer garden and outdoor eating area, the steakhouse opening in 1988. In the process of the redevelopment, several detached structures were removed from the rear of the property including stables and an air raid shelter.</p><br>
<p>The hotel has been renovated and some walls have been removed on the upper floor to create two function rooms. On the ground floor the entrance hall area has been little changed, but the dining room, kitchen, pantry and spirit room have been removed and the space is now used as a gaming area. The main bar on the other side of the hall has been reduced in size and now opens on to the courtyard area through glass folding doors</p><br>
<p>The Cavills sold the hotel to Lasseters Hotel Group in 2006. In 2008 it was sold to the Independent Pub Group.</p><br>
<p>In 2009 a fire broke out, closing the hotel for a month for restoration.</p><br>
<p>In April 2015 IPG sold the hotel to the Power Group of Companies, a private family business based in Brisbane.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Norman Hotel is a two-storey brick hotel prominently located on the corner of Ipswich Road and Qualtrough Street, Woolloongabba.</p><br>
<p>The hotel addresses both street frontages and has a main entrance on the Ipswich Road and a corner entrance to the public bar. It is confident and flamboyant in style with an ornate parapet concealing a hipped roof, which is clad in corrugated iron and pierced by tall brick chimneys. The ground floor awning and the verandah to the upper floor feature curved corrugated iron roofs supported on slender cast iron columns. Each is truncated at the corner following the line of the building and each is decorated with lacy cast iron valances. The upper level also has cast iron balustrading.</p><br>
<p>The wing to the rear of the main section along Qualtrough Street is much simpler in form and has sash windows with moulded decoration. The upper level of the hotel has French windows opening onto the verandah. The ground floor has narrow casement windows and a recessed entrance to Ipswich Road approached through a twin arches with a central pillar and matching pilasters to each side.</p><br>
<p>Inside, the hotel retains a brick cellar space with a ceiling supported by low brick arches and a concrete floor. This is still in use for beer storage.</p><br>
<p>The Ipswich Road entrance and hall remain, with the public bar on one side of the hall and the gaming area opening off from the other. Upstairs there are conference rooms, toilets and small service rooms. Doors and joinery details generally remain intact.</p><br>
<p>The kitchen, beer garden and open air eating area to the rear of the site are modern, as is a brick liquor barn, but these are not within the listing boundary.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Norman Hotel was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 12 July 2005 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Norman Hotel is important in providing evidence of the development of Queensland in the 1880s, a boom period when many fine commercial buildings were constructed, particularly in Brisbane. It is also important is demonstrating the development of the Woolloongabba and East Brisbane area in response to the growth of the tramway system. It demonstrates the importance of the Ipswich-Brisbane Road as a major transport route in the 19th century.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The Norman Hotel is important as a good example of a quality hotel of its era and demonstrates the principal characteristics of such a building, being prominently placed on a landmark corner site and designed both to attract attention and suggest the quality of service and accommodation on offer. It remains substantially intact and has well-preserved exterior detail. It has had continuity of usage as a hotel for well over a hundred years</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The Norman Hotel is a local landmark, being prominently sited on a major road linking Brisbane and Ipswich. It is a well-composed building of architectural merit and makes an important contribution to the character of the area by employing strong architectural features, including an elaborate parapet and well-detailed verandahs.</p><br>
<p>Menengai Forest is an urban forest situated within the town of Nakuru in Kenya. The Menengai Crater is within the forest. It was gazetted as a forest in the 1930s. It is surrounded by residential areas of Milimani Estate in the South, Ngachura and Bahati in the East, Solai in the North and Olo-Rongai in the West. Various Government of Kenya facilities have been hived off from the forest; these include the Kenya Broadcasting Corporation and the Nakuru G.K Prison. There is also a geothermal exploration project by the Geothermal Development Company inside the Menengai Crater floor.</p><br>
<h2>Altitude</h2><br>
<p>It is situated in an elevated area which ranges from 1900–2300 metres above sea level.</p><br>
<h2>Area</h2><br>
<p>The forest covers an area of about 7000 Hectares. The actual forested area is about 2000 Hectares.</p><br>
<h2>Flora</h2><br>
<p>The main tree species in the forest are eucalyptus and acacia. Over 169 species of flowering plants and 17 species of grasses have been recorded in Menengai Forest. Example of flowering plants include leleshwa (Tarchonanthus camphoratus), Euphorbia species and Acacia species. Common grasses in the forest include geothermal grass (Fimbristylis exilis) and Boma Rhodes grass.</p><br>
<h2>Fauna</h2><br>
<p>There are mammals, birds and insects. Mammal species include the tree hyrax, rock hyrax, olive baboon, black-faced vervet monkey, mountain reedbuck, Kirks dik-dik and slender mongoose. Birds species include the Verreauxs eagle (only found in Menengai Forest in Nakuru), Abyssinian ground hornbill, lesser spotted eagle, African marsh harrier, Horus swift, turn-tailed ravens, red-winged sterling, and others. Other animals include spiders, molluscs and butterflies.</p><br>
<h2>Soils</h2><br>
<p>The forest stands on soils derived from volcanic ash. The soil texture is mainly sandy and is very easily eroded.</p><br>
<h2>Management</h2><br>
<p>The forest is under the management of the Kenya Forest Service in collaboration with the Menengai Community Forest Association</p><br>
<h2>Menengai Crater</h2><br>
<p>The Menengai Crater is found within the forest. The possible date of formation of the Menengai Caldera was during the third and last major faulting of the Gregory Rift valley in the middle Pleistocene epoch of the Quaternary period less than one million years ago. This major faulting resulted in very complex grid patterns, dropping the Rift valley a further approximately 300 metres (from the original drops of approximately 1200 metres and 900 metres with the first and second major faulting respectively). These latter minor faultings which both occurred during the upper Pleistocence led to the formation of new fractures and renewals on older fracture lines in Nakuru Basin and West of Lake Nakuru respectively.</p><br>
<p>The first minor faulting was accompanied by the emission of pumice showers from the Menengai Crater forming a pumice mantle, mainly on the western flank of Menengai. The pumice mantle forms a crudely stratified deposit, up to 15 metres thick. The pumice mantle was originally believed to represent the first stage in the formation of a caldera of the Krakatoan type. However, after reconsideration of the whole mechanism of caldera formation by comparing the form of Menengai with the form of the deeply eroded syenitic ring-complex west of Oslo, Norway it is now believed that cauldron subsidence and deep seated migration of magma were contributing factors. The process is envisaged as:</p><br>
<p>Cauldron Subsidence - migration of magma at depth and fracturing of the retaining roof of the magma chamber</p><br>
<p>Sudden lowering of pressure resultant on subsidence - rapid release of gas. Catastrophic eruption of gas-charged pumice from numerous fissures formed by subsidence</p><br>
<p>Further collapse and engulfment of volcano super-structure - due to void formed by the evisceration process</p><br>
<p>Near Menengai summit, a few ejected blocks of these black vitreous lava are mixed with the pumice mantle on the outer slopes. To the south-west the lavas overlie the pumice mantle. The mode of origin of the pumice lapilli eruptives is not certain, but stratification, sorting and lack of lithic inclusions suggest vulcanian showers rather than flowing avalanches, and their concentration to the west of Menengai suggest a control by wind direction.</p><br>
<p>Later volcanic flows during the recent times (up to 2000 years ago) resulted in the formation of the Upper Menengai big lavas, which fill the caldera and are represented by trachyte lava flows and scoria cones. Trachyte lavas completely cover the floor of the caldera, concealing the rocks of the older volcano. The products of these late eruptions which are believed, from the complete absence of vegetation on some of the younger flows, to have continued up to the last few hundred years, have been described by McCall,1957,p. 66.7. They form slaggy tongue- shaped flows emanating from various points in the caldera but mainly from the vicinity of the secondary summit and their flow was restricted by the caldera walls. They are characterized by beautifully developed pressure ridge patterns resembling those of a glacier. They include blocky flows apparently entirely composed of jumbled boulders, some massive flows, and also flows composed of twisted ropes of vitreous lavas. The lavas are characteristically black in colour and are for the most part vitreous, though they grade from nearly holocystalline types to streaky obsidian. There are many conical piles of cinders of similar material within the caldera, but no well defined secondary crater. Similar cinder piles being products of their waning stage.</p><br>
<p>These upper lavas are almost entirely restricted within the caldera but have spilled out over the caldera rim on the outer slopes at two points. The most conspicuous overspill is close to a line of small craterlets South-West of nakuru and there may be some genetic connection. The massive trachyte exposed in the Amolak Sigh Quarry is believed to belong to the upper lava series, though unlike most of these late lavas it is holocrystallive. The overspill probably represents one of the very earliest of these second series eruptions. The later lava seems to continue down the caldera wall into the caldera, and this may well be a ring feeder structure similar to the famous backward flow Crater Lake,USA, a ring feeder actually cut through by the caldera fault. Similar structures are seen in Suswa caldera.</p><br>
<p>Menengai Crater.jpgMenengai Crater</p><br>
<p>Menengai Crater 1.jpgMenengai Crater</p><br>
<p>Menengai Crater 3.jpgMenengai Crater</p><br>
<p>Menengai Crater 4.jpgMenengai Crater</p><br>
<p>Black Vitreous Lava.jpgBlack vitreous lava</p><br>
<p>Menengai Forest Summit.jpgMenengai Forest summit</p><br>
<p>Woolloongabba Police Station is a heritage-listed former police station at 842-848 Main Street, Woolloongabba, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by the Queensland Department of Public Works and built from 1913 to 1936. It is also known as South Coast District Headquarters and Woolloongabba Police Station. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 25 November 1994.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Completed in 1913, the two storeyed masonry building with basement, was the third police station in Woolloongabba.</p><br>
<p>The first police station in Woolloongabba was established in a rented house on Stanley Street, near Boggo Road (now Annerley Road). By 1888, the substantial population growth in Woolloongabba and surrounding suburbs meant the station facilities were no longer adequate, and the police station was removed to a rented house on Ipswich Road, near the Woolloongabba Fiveways. A lock-up facility was built in the yard of the house, and two years later, the adjacent house was used for accommodation. By 1910, the needs of the station had again outgrown the building, and approval was given for the erection of a new police station in Woolloongabba.</p><br>
<p>A portion (adjacent to a former Quarry Reserve) of the Woolloongabba Park Reserve facing Main Street was set apart as a Police Reserve thereby avoiding the need for the Government to purchase land for the new station. The design for the new building was prepared in 1911; AB Brady being Government Architect at the time. The contract sum for the building, which was completed and occupied in 1913, was £4,539.</p><br>
<p>Woolloongabba Police Station was one of a series of substantial two storeyed buildings erected as police stations during the early twentieth century. In addition to Woolloongabba, these included stations at Warwick (1901) (as part of the Warwick Court House) Maryborough (1907), Charters Towers Police Station (1911), Cairns (1912), Townsville (1914) and Kedron (1916). The plan of the Woolloongabba station and these other stations followed a generally similar pattern, with a vertical division of the building into a two storeyed residence for the senior commanding officer, and attached two storeyed barracks including dayroom and mess for the constables. The dayroom was generally the base for the station operations. This design reflected the contemporary mode of policing, whereby duty for constables generally involved patrolling the beat on foot and pursuing inquiries. Patrols were undertaken throughout 24 hours, divided into three eight-hour shifts, and the main function of the station was therefore to provide accommodation for police officers. Four cells were provided in the basement of Woolloongabba police station.</p><br>
<p>Electric lights were installed at the station in 1925, and the station was connected to sewage in 1926. In 1928, a dining room for constables was added to the rear of the station.</p><br>
<p>In 1934 a Headquarters for the South Coast Police District was needed, and the South Brisbane and Woolloongabba police buildings were the two possible locations. Woolloongabba was chosen, as it was considered to be the most central site, particularly with the anticipated opening of the Story Bridge, and had vacant land available for future development. The South Coast Police District covered approximately 2060 square miles.</p><br>
<p>The conversion of the Woolloongabba station into the district Headquarters demanded additional office accommodation, and it was considered that the rooms occupied by the Senior Sergeant could provide suitable additional office accommodation. The Senior Sergeant vacated his quarters at the station in October 1934.</p><br>
<p>Major additions to the station were undertaken in 1936. Completed the following year at an authorised cost of £9,555, this work comprised additions to the north and south ends of the existing building, an additional three storey brick building at the rear of the existing one, also brick garage building, fences, etc. The building at the rear of the station was connected to the existing building by gangways at each floor level, and provided additional living and recreational facilities for the police. Concreting of the station yard and other similar projects were undertaken the following year, using day labour. The Police Reserve was extended to the north, to include a former Quarry Reserve at the corner of Main and Vulture Streets.</p><br>
<p>One of the requirements of the new Headquarters was the inclusion of a room for police to administer relief work, a government program instituted under the Income (Unemployment Relief) Act (1930)) to reduce unemployment. On completion of the additions in 1937, rooms were provided in the basement for a Relief Office, records and public counter. The work also included the formation of an assembly yard for relief workers at the northern end of the station, adjacent to the Relief Office. Relief labour was used throughout Queensland during the 1930s, to carry out projects such as construction of retaining walls and roads, and improvements to school grounds.</p><br>
<p>The South Coast District Headquarters moved from South Brisbane to the Woolloongabba station in September 1937.</p><br>
<p>A park and playground were completed in 1938 on land adjacent to the police station, at the corner of Main and Vulture Streets. The concept for the park and playground which covered approximately two and a half acres was attributed to the Police Welfare Club, and included three tennis courts, dressing rooms, grandstands, umpires stands, and a playground or "childrens sanctuary" where children would be able to play in safety under the eyes of the police. A basketball court was constructed in 1939.</p><br>
<p>By the late 1930s, the relief work was progressively being phased out. The relief office at the station was vacated during 1939, and the room taken over for records.</p><br>
<p>The building ceased to be used as a barracks in early 1951. Also in 1951, the Criminal Investigation Branch moved into the building. The changing function of the building from residential to official appears to have been completed in 1954, when rooms previously used as bedrooms on the first floor of the building were occupied as offices by members of the CIB and the uniform inquiry staff. In 1964 the Kangaroo Point and East Brisbane police stations were closed, and these former police divisions were absorbed into the Woolloongabba Police Division.</p><br>
<p>Further alterations to the building were completed in 1967, when the southern end of the front portion of the building was extended by a single storey addition, and the gangway between the 1913 and 1937 buildings was enlarged to incorporate additional offices and rooms.</p><br>
<p>The playground and basketball court are no longer extant. The tennis courts were removed in early 1993, and replaced by cricket practice nets. The station was vacated by the police in July 1993.</p><br>
<p>The building was later used by the state Department of National Parks, Recreation, Sport and Racing and renamed "Sports House".</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The former Woolloongabba Police Station consists of a two-storeyed with sub-floor masonry structure built to the property boundary fronting Main Street to the west, and a three-storeyed masonry structure built parallel behind and connected via a two-storeyed overhead bridging structure. The ground level falls away to the east from the Main Street frontage to a level service yard providing access to the sub-floor rooms from the rear.</p><br>
<p>The Main Street structure has a hipped wide pan sheet metal roof, the central section of which is higher and crowned by a decorative fleche with a three pot chimney stack on the northern end, with kick-out eaves and verandah roofs. The building has an almost symmetrical street facade consisting of a central gabled section projecting from a central block which is flanked by enclosed verandahs to either side. The central gabled section has triple sash windows (the outer two of which are narrower) to both floors, and a base of dark brick to the ground floor sill height, with a lighter face brick to the first floor sill height, and stucco render above with face brick window heads and gable trim. The central block is treated in the same manner and has two sash windows to either side. The verandahs have been enclosed with stucco render over hardboard sheeting, and have a variety of fenestration. The ground floor has window awnings, with the central block having timber brackets with fibrous cement tiles, and the enclosed verandahs having metal sheeting.</p><br>
<p>The north end of the building has the lighter face brick to the first floor sill height with stucco render above and face brick window heads. The base is formed by rendered piers, part of which has been enclosed with louvres. The south end is similar, but the ground floor has been extended to the south with sub-floor parking space from the rear. This extension has a sheet metal roof concealed behind a parapet wall, stucco render and window awnings. The rear of the building has verandahs to both floors, enclosed with weatherboard and casement windows, and supported by brick piers with some timber battening forming a covered space to the sub-floor rooms behind. A timber staircase is located towards the southern end of the building.</p><br>
<p>The two-storeyed overhead bridging structure links the two floors of the building to the upper two floors of the rear parallel block. This spans the service yard and driveway and is supported by steel beams. It is clad in weatherboard with casement windows and has a hipped wide pan sheet metal roof.</p><br>
<p>The rear parallel building is a three-storeyed face brick structure with a hipped wide pan sheet metal roof. The building has rendered sills and bands at floor levels, with sash windows, high level hopper windows and louvres to the toilets. An incinerator and brick stack is located on the east wall.</p><br>
<p>Internally, each stage of construction of the Main Street building is visible. Verandah walls to the original section are of painted brickwork, with rendered brickwork to the second stage. Some end wall windows and doors are in place, and the south ground floor extension has hardboard ceilings and partition walls. Generally, the building has rendered walls with some partitioning, ceilings are boarded and enclosed verandahs have timber boarding or hardboard sheeting. There are two timber staircases either side of the central block, with a timber batten balustrade. There were originally two fireplaces on the ground floor of the central block, but the southern one and a section of wall were removed to create a large open plan room. The remaining fireplace is sealed. A toilet is located on the northern end of the ground floor rear verandah and contains timber partitioning and metal shower surround. Most internal doors have been removed, but an original five panelled timber door with hardware survives on the first floor, opening onto the southern streetfront enclosed verandah.</p><br>
<p>The sub-floor rooms consist of the former Relief Office and laundry on the northern side, and cells on the southern side. The offices and laundry consist of brick arches enclosed with window and door assemblies, with the offices having rendered walls and hardboard ceilings with timber cover strips and concrete floors. The laundry has concrete floors and a brick copper. There are four cells, with two opening to the east below the rear enclosed verandah and two opening to the south to a covered carparking area. These have limewash walls, concrete floors and steel doors. Two toilets are also located in this area.</p><br>
<p>Internally, the bridging structure has a passage on the northern side, with a large room on the southern side to the lower level, and two narrow rooms to the upper level. The passage section is earlier and the lower level has vertical timber boarding to the walls and a hardboard ceiling with timber cover strips. The rooms have hardboard partition walls and ceiling panels. Three steps access the rear building from the lower level.</p><br>
<p>Internally, the rear building has a central staircase with metal balustrade and newel posts, timber handrail and concrete treads. The ground and second floors have toilets on the northern side with original urinals, basins and cubicle partitions. Elsewhere there are open plan rooms, and a kitchen space is located on the ground floor northern side with a basin set in a timber bench. Walls are rendered and ceilings are of hardboard with timber cover strips.</p><br>
<p>A masonry carport, with a skillion wide pan sheet metal roof and concrete floor, is located to the south of the rear building. The remains of a masonry toilet block with a collapsed roof is located to the north of the rear building. The area between and around the buildings is concreted, with driveways from Main Street at both the south and north ends of the site. Positions of earlier piers to the bridging structure and rear stairs to the Main Street building are evidenced in the concreted service yard and driveway. A timber stair from the street level to the former assembly yard is located to the north of the Main Street building beside the driveway.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Woolloongabba Police Station (former) was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 25 November 1994 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Constructed in 1912-13 as the first purpose built police station in Woolloongabba, this was the third premises to be used for a police station and demonstrates the development of Woolloongabba. The choice of the building as the Headquarters for the South Coast Police District, which was influenced by the central location of the building and the impending opening of the Story Bridge, is also important in demonstrating the pattern of development of the southern suburbs of Brisbane from the 1930s.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>Evidence of the evolution of the role of police and police stations from the early twentieth century is visible in the building, in particular, the adaptation of the building from providing a predominantly accommodation function, to serving as an official base for extended police operations.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The former station, prominently located fronting Main Street, displays fine quality public architecture with a strong civic presence and contributes to the Main Street streetscape. The carefully articulated roof and use of materials, the siting of the rear building and its response to the original structure, illustrate competency in design and workmanship.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The role of the building in providing an office and assembly yard for relief work during the 1930s, is also of social value.</p><br>
<p>Snow Hill Historic District is a national historic district located at Snow Hill, Greene County, North Carolina. The district encompasses 229 contributing buildings, 1 contributing site , 2 contributing structures, and 1 contributing object  in the central business district and surrounding residential sections of Snow Hill. The buildings are in a variety of popular 19th and early-20th century architectural styles including Greek Revival, Gothic Revival, Colonial Revival, and, Bungalow / American Craftsman. Located in the district are the separately listed Greene County Courthouse and St. Barnabas Episcopal Church. Other notable buildings include J. Exum & Co. Grocery building, Harper Drugstore, Sugg-Harper House, Williams-Exum Housem, Murphrey-Morrill House , Josiah Exum House , Alfred Warren House , Calvary Memorial Methodist Church , Snow Hill Presbyterian Church , and former First Baptist Church .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000, with a boundary increase in 2009.</p><br>
<p>The Public Library of Paris, Maine, is located at 37 Market Square in the village of South Paris, Maine. The original portion of its building, a Colonial Revival brick structure built in 1926, was one of the last designs of the noted Portland architect John Calvin Stevens, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture and history</h2><br>
<p>The library is located in a brick building at the northeast corner of Church and Main Streets in South Paris, which is now designated Market Square. It is one story in height, five bays wide and three deep, and has a hip roof. The bays are characterized by recessed arched openings, most of which have sash windows in their centers. The central bay facing Church Street has no window, and is solid brick except for a terra cotta panel, and the central bay on the front facade has the main entrance, which is approached by a small flight of stairs with iron railings. It is sheltered by a gabled portico supported by thin Tuscan columns. The interior has two reading areas, each with a fireplace, a stack area, librarian&#39;s desk, and office. The basement, originally used for storage, was partially finished in 1962 to provide office spaces. A modern addition greatly expands the size of the building to the rear.</p><br>
<p>The history of libraries in Paris begins in about 1885, when a private subscription library was established in a commercial building. A campaign for a public library began in 1893, but it was not until the 1920s that sufficient funds were raised to build a permanent home. The subscription library was made free in 1905. Library trustees hired the firm of John Calvin Stevens, which then also included his son John Howard Stevens. Stevens had from early in his career designed public library buildings; this was one of a series of seven he designed in collaboration with his son, and one of has last commissions.</p><br>
<p>The archaeology of Igbo-Ukwu revealed bronze artifacts dated to the 9th century A.D. which were initially discovered by Isiah Anozie in 1939 while digging a well in his compound in Igbo-Ukwu, an Igbo town in Anambra State, Nigeria. As a result of these finds, three archaeological sites were excavated in 1959 and 1964 by Thurstan Shaw which revealed more than 700 high quality artifacts of copper, bronze and iron, as well as about 165000 glass, carnelian and stone beads, pottery, textiles and ivory. They are the oldest bronze artifacts known in West African and were manufactured centuries before the emergence of other known bronze producing centers such as those of Ife and Benin. The bronzes include numerous ritual vessels, pendants, crowns, breastplates, staff ornaments, swords, and fly-whisk handles.</p><br>
<h2>Impact on art history</h2><br>
<p>The Igbo-Ukwu bronzes amazed the world with a very high level of technical and artistic proficiency and sophistication which was at this time distinctly more advanced than bronze casting in Europe. Peter Garlake compares the Igbo-Ukwu bronzes "to the finest jewelry of rococo Europe or of Carl Faberge," and William Buller Fagg states they were created with "a strange rococo almost Faberge type virtuosity." Frank Willett says that the Igbo-Ukwu bronzes portray a standard that is comparable to that established by Benvenuto Cellini five hundred years later in Europe. Denis Williams calls them "an exquisite explosion without antecedent or issue." One of the objects found, a water pot set in a mesh of simulated rope is described by Hugh Honour and John Fleming as</p><br>
<p>The high technical proficiency and lack of known prototypes of the Igbo-Ukwu bronzes led to initial speculation in the academic community that they must have been created after European contact and phantom voyagers were postulated. However research and isotope analysis has established that the source of the metals is of local origin and radio carbon dating has confirmed a 9th-century date, long before the earliest contact with Europe. The Igbo-Ukwu artifacts did away with the hitherto existing colonial era opinions in archeological circles that such magnificent works of art and technical proficiency could only originate in areas with contact to Europe, or that they could not be crafted in an acephalous or egalitarian society such as that of the Igbo. Archaeological sites containing iron smelting furnaces and slag have been excavated dating to 2000BC in Lejja and 750BC in Opi both in Nsukka region about 100 Kilometers east of Igbo-Ukwu.</p><br>
<h2>Discovery</h2><br>
<p>The initial finds were made by Isiah Anozie while digging in his compound in 1939. He was not aware of the significance of the objects he had found and gave away some of them to friends and neighbors, as well as using some of the vessels to water his goats. J.O. Field, the British colonial district officer of the area later learned of the finds and was able to purchase many of them, publishing the find in an anthropological journal. He later handed over the artefacts to the Nigerian department of antiquity. Curiously Mr. Field noted at the time that Subsequent research was to prove him wrong. Twenty years later, in 1959 and again in 1964 Thurstan Shaw and his team excavated three sites around the original find for the Nigerian department of antiquity and later for the University of Ibadan. The archaeological digs revealed hundreds of copper and bronze ritual vessels as well as iron swords, iron spear heads, iron razors and other artifacts dated a millennium earlier.</p><br>
<h2>Metallurgy</h2><br>
<p>Apparently the metal workers of ancient Igbo-Ukwu were not aware of commonly used techniques such as wire making, soldering or riveting which suggests an independent development and long isolation of their metal working tradition. It is therefore perplexing that they were able to create objects with such fine surface detail that they depict, for example small insects which seem to have landed on the surface. Though these appear to have been riveted or soldered on to the artifacts, they were actually cast in one piece. However the complexity of some of the Igbo-Ukwu objects has led to considerable altercation between various metallurgic experts and debates regarding the actual production process which is an affidavit for the highly developed and intricate work of the ancient artists.</p><br>
<p>The composition of the metal alloys used in the production of the bronze is unique, with an unusually high silver content and is distinct from alloys used in Europe, the Mediterranean or other African bronze centers. The origin of the metal ore used to produce the bronze has been located to old mines in Abakiliki about 100 kilometers from Igbo-Ukwu.</p><br>
<p>The West Main Street Residential Historic District of Blytheville, Arkansas, encompasses a seven-block residential stretch of West Main Street, which presents a well-preserved history of residential development during the first six decades of the 20th century. This time period includes Blytheville&#39;s most significant period of growth, which began with the arrival of the railroad in 1900. Most of the buildings in the district are residential wood-frame structures, one and two stories in height. Most of the buildings, including some that are no longer historically significant due to later alterations, where built between 1900 and 1930. Stylistically, the district includes a cross-section of architectural styles popular in the early 20th century, although there are a significant number of vernacular structures. The district extends from North 6th Street to Division Street, and includes fifty buildings, of which almost all are residential.</p><br>
<p>The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2010.</p><br>
<p>Buck Mountain  is a mountain in Columbia County and Luzerne County, in Pennsylvania, in the United States. Its elevation is 1,942 ft above sea level. The mountain contains deposits of coal . Shale and conglomerate are also present. The coal on the mountain was historically mined, altering the landscape somewhat. The mountain is used by many species as a habitat. It is most likely named after Albert Ansbach.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Buck Mountain has an official elevation of 1,942 ft, making it the fourth-highest mountain in Columbia County.</p><br>
<p>Buck Mountain&#39;s official coordinates are in the United States Geological Survey quadrangle of Nuremberg. The mountain is located in southeastern Beaver Township, Columbia County.</p><br>
<p>A stream known as Beaver Run flows between Buck Mountain and McCauley Mountain. Buck Mountain is on the border of the Beaver Valley, some distance north of the community of Shumans. Additionally, Falls Run, a tributary of Black Creek flows through Columbia County and Luzerne County, between the mountain and a hill known as Middle Hill. The mountain has a spur.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Buck Mountain contains deposits of coal.</p><br>
<p>There are beds of red shale in Buck Mountain. This shale underlies rock formations of conglomerate It also underlies beds of anthracite on the mountain.</p><br>
<h2>History and etymology</h2><br>
<p>A prominent hotel owned by Adam Michael historically operated at the base of Buck Mountain for a long period of time. The hotel was opened in the early 1800s. The Reading Railroad historically had a tunnel that passed through a spur of Buck Mountain.</p><br>
<p>Coal mining has been done on Buck Mountain. Historically, it was done by the Buck Mountain Coal Company, but later, the mining was instead done by Coxe Brothers & Co. Closer to the early 1900s, the mines were operated by the Lehigh Valley Coal Company. In the early 1900s, the coal was sent to the community of Gowen. There, it was loaded onto railroad cars and sent to Hazleton, where it was put on the market.</p><br>
<p>There are plans by several counties to construct a wind farm on Buck Mountain.</p><br>
<p>Buck Mountain was added to the Geographic Names Information System on August 2, 1979. Its identifier in the Geographic Names Information System is 1170524.</p><br>
<p>Buck Mountain is most likely named after Albert Ansbach, who was nicknamed "Buck". Ansbach was the owner of a nearby colliery. The name was bestowed upon the mountain in 1869 or 1870.</p><br>
<h2>Biology</h2><br>
<p>Numerous species use Buck Mountain as a habitat. However, the Columbia County Natural Areas Inventory states that surveys of the mountain have not been done.</p><br>
<p>Bonita Canyon is a box canyon on the western slope of the Chiricahua Mountains in southeastern Arizona, which lies at 5360 feet in elevation and opens in a southwesterly direction into the Sulphur Springs Valley.</p><br>
<p>The canyon walls are capped with outcroppings of volcanic tuff and separated by a narrow valley about a quarter of a mile wide. Bonita Creek flows west through the northern edge of the valley, along the northern wall of the canyon. The valley is carpeted with a variety of wild grasses and forested with oak and Arizona cypress. Animal life includes mountain lions, bobcats, black bear, mule deer, various bird and reptile species, and much more. Jaguars have also been spotted in the canyon.</p><br>
<p>Bonita Canyon is now part of the Chiricahua National Monument and is also home to the Faraway Ranch Historic District, as well as a public campground. The headquarters for the Chiricahua National Monument is located just outside Bonita Canyon in the adjoining Madrone Canyon, near the Faraway Ranch.</p><br>
<p>Neil Erickson Bonita Canyon Arizona Circa 1900.jpgNeil Erickson relaxing on top of a rock formation in Bonita Canyon.</p><br>
<p>Oak Trees Bonita Canyon Arizona 2014.JPGOak woodland</p><br>
<p>Bonita Creek Faraway Ranch Arizona 2014.JPGBonita Creek</p><br>
<p>The Ieperlee  is a canalized river that rises in Heuvelland in the Belgian province of West Flanders and flows via the city of Ieper  into the Yser at Fort Knokke.</p><br>
<p>The river is 17 km long. Its name is derived from iep, the Dutch word for elm. It gave its name to the city of Ieper. In the 11th century the river was canalized to link the city, which had a thriving cloth industry, to the sea. Even in 1842, some 2034 boats still passed the lock at Boezinge. Today, the canal is only used for recreational purposes.</p><br>
<p>During the First World War, the river was part of the frontline. It linked the Ypres Salient, held by the French and English, to the Yser Front, held by the Belgian Army (see Dodengang).</p><br>
<h2>Tributaries</h2><br>
<p>* Bollaerbeek</p><br>
<p>* Zillebeek</p><br>
<p>The St. Francis River Bridge, also known as the Lake City Bridge, was a historic bridge spanning the St. Francis River at Lake City, Arkansas. It was composed of 109 I-beam trestles and a single vertical lift span, and had a total length of 3,412 ft. The bridge was designed and built in 1934 by the Vincennes Bridge Company, and carried Arkansas Highway 18 until 1998, when a modern 4-span I-beam bridge was built adjacent to it. The old bridge was dismantled, leaving only the vertical lift segment on the east bank of the river.</p><br>
<p>The bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.</p><br>
<p>Read article written about the bridge by the National Park Service:</p><br>
<p>https://cdn.loc.gov/master/pnp/habshaer/ar/ar0000/ar0076/data/ar0076data.pdf</p><br>
<p>The Peabody Tavern is a historic travelers accommodations on United States Route 2 in Gilead, Maine. Built c. 1800 by Thomas Peabody, nephew to one of the areas first white settlers, it served travelers as a stagecoach, and later railroad, stop until the early 20th century. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The tavern is a 2-1/2 story L-shaped wood frame structure, five bays wide, with an asymmetrically pitched gable roof. A massive brick foundation in the basement gives evidence that the tavern once had a large central chimney, but this has been removed and replaced by small chimneys elsewhere. A hip roofed single-story porch spans most of the front facade, and wraps around to the right side. Windows are replacement sash throughout. The main entrance, sheltered by the porch, has Federal style sidelight windows and woodwork. The interior retains a number of original period features, although the main chimney and associated fireplaces have been removed. Two of the rooms in the house have early period stencilwork on the walls, and many rooms still have wide plank flooring.</p><br>
<p>The tavern was built by Thomas Peabody, whose uncle Oliver was one of the first white settlers in the Gilead area. His father, Thomas, was a veteran of the French and Indian War, and was granted the land on which the tavern stands for his service. The property includes a small cemetery in which a number of Peabodys are interred. The structure has had many owners over the years. At one point it had a fairly large two-story ell, which was removed to make way for the railroad right-of-way which now passes between the building and the Androscoggin River; only traces of its foundation remain. In 2010 it was listed as housing an antique dealer.</p><br>
<p>Summit Avenue Historic District, also known as the Charles B. Aycock Historic District, is a national historic district located at Greensboro, Guilford County, North Carolina. The district encompasses 226 contributing buildings in a middle- and upper-class residential section of Greensboro. The houses were largely built between the 1890s and 1930s and include notable examples of Queen Anne, Colonial Revival, American Foursquare, and Bungalow / American Craftsman-style architecture. The Sigmund Sternberger House  is listed separately. Other notable buildings include the John C. Clapp House , Robert L. Potts House , William B. Vaught House , Edgar B. Jennette House , and the Charles B. Aycock School  designed by Starrett & van Vleck.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1993.</p><br>
<p>Fisher Park Historic District is a national historic district in the Fisher Park neighborhood, Greensboro, Guilford County, North Carolina. The district encompasses 541 contributing buildings, 2 contributing sites, and 44 contributing structures in a predominantly residential section of Greensboro. The houses were largely built between the 1900s and 1930s and include notable examples of Queen Anne, Colonial Revival, Gothic Revival, American Foursquare, and Bungalow / American Craftsman-style architecture. Located in the district are the separately listed Dixon-Leftwich-Murphy House, John Marion Galloway House, Julian Price House, and Latham-Baker House. Other notable buildings include the First Presbyterian Church , Holy Trinity Episcopal Church , Gant-McAlister House , and A.J. Schlosser House .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992, with a boundary increase in 1996.</p><br>
<p>Irving Park Historic District is a national historic district located at Greensboro, Guilford County, North Carolina. The district encompasses 164 contributing buildings, 5 contributing sites, 2 contributing structures, and 2 contributing objects in an affluent planned suburb of Greensboro. It developed around the Greensboro Country Club. The houses were largely built between 1911 and the 1930s and include notable examples of Colonial Revival, Tudor Revival, and Classical Revival-style architecture. Notable buildings include the first Robert Jesse Mebane House, the Cummins A. Mebane House, the Lynn Williamson House, the first J. Spencer Love House, the Aubrey L. Brooks House, Carl I. Carlson House, the Van Wyck Williams House, the Lavlson L. Simmons House, the Albert J. Klutz House, the Irving Park Manor Apartments, McAdoo-Sanders-Tatum House, the Alfred M. Scales House, and the Herman Cone House.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995.</p><br>
<p>South Greensboro Historic District, also known as the Asheboro Street Historic District, is a national historic district located in the Southside neighborhood, Greensboro, Guilford County, North Carolina. The district encompasses 327 contributing buildings, 1 contributing site, 10 contributing structures, and 1 contributing object in a predominantly residential section of Greensboro. The houses were largely built between the 1870s and the 1930s and include notable examples of Queen Anne, Italianate, American Foursquare, and Bungalow / American Craftsman-style architecture. Notable buildings include the Atkinson House, Hanner House, B.E. Jones House, T. Bernard House, C.O. Younts House, W.S. Witherspoon House, and R. N. Watson House, former Asheboro Street Church , and Nettie Mae Coad Apartments .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.</p><br>
<p>The Gov. Richard Yates House is a historic house located at 1190 Williams Boulevard in Springfield, Illinois. The house was built in 1904-05 for Illinois governor Richard Yates, Jr. Architects Helmle and Helmle designed the house, which has Romanesque Revival and Queen Anne influences. The houses first floor has rusticated stone walls, as do both stories of the turret on the west side; it is a rare example of rusticated stone in a residential Helmle & Helmle design. The front entrance opens to a great hall, which connects the interior rooms; this arrangement allowed Yates to host political gatherings in his home. A landing in front of the fireplace provided a raised space for Yates or his guests to give speeches. Yates left the governors office the same year his house was completed; he later served in the USA House of Representatives from 1919 to 1933.</p><br>
<p>The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on March 1, 1984.</p><br>
<p>Suchý vrch Dürrer Berg; Suchy szczyt ;  is the highest  mountain of Bukovohorská mountains, eastern part of Orlické Mountains, Moravia and Bohemia Czech Republic. Located on the historical border between Bohemia and Moravia, and right on trace where runs line of drainage divide of main European watershed .</p><br>
<p>The average annual temperature is about 2,5 °C.</p><br>
<p>A radio re-transmitter is situated on the top. The upper platform is used as a watchtower. The mountain is also a popular area for skiing.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first construction on the mountain was a simple cabin in 1925, as refuge for mountain hikers. In 1928, a mountain hotel was built after the design of architect Jaroslav Stejskal. It was called Kramářova chata (Karel Kramář mountain hut) and had a concrete watchtower 28 metres high.</p><br>
<p>After World War I, the rising nationalism within both the Sudeten German Tourist Association and its Czech-speaking rival, Klub českých turistů (Czech hikers club) prompted each group to attempt to outdo one another at each mountain peak, with facilities that accommodated hiker lodgings and watchtowers. This activity seemed to identify the Germans as pioneers of mountain tourism and the Czechs good learners.</p><br>
<p>On 26 August 1937 he lunched where President Edvard Beneš as inspector supreme for the control of border defense fortification, against the aggression of Hitler.</p><br>
<p>The Bradlo (Klippe) is a slate stone formation in the Orlické hory mountain range of the Czech Republic, near the higher peak. In the Middle Ages, people feared the place, believing witches lived there. The area is home to many rare plants, so it is not open to the public.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The entire massif consists mainly by moldanubic, i.e. series of rocks generated during sedimentation in precambric sea and wrinkled later into mountain chains and composed of crystalline slates and schicht gneiss (a metamorphic rock with foliations), mica schicht and quartzite. Rocks in the syntectonic migmatite of the Orlické mountains create Suchý vrch shortly beforeprecambric period.</p><br>
<p>The summit is a round and smooth, jagged edge nacked vertical rocks (Bradlo) no more than 12 m (39 ft) in height</p><br>
<h2>Flora</h2><br>
<p>Summit is covered by alpine meadow, and all hill sides forested by spruce forest. Plants: False lily, fern bracken, western oakfern, and lot of bilberryes.</p><br>
<h2>Watchtower</h2><br>
<p>The observation tower and later re-transmitter was built between 1931-32 by design of architect A. Patrmann. The Krkonoše, Malá Fatra Mts. and Alps can be seen from the observation tower platform.</p><br>
<h2>Surrounding</h2><br>
<p>3 km to north is located heavy bunker (artillery fortress) of Czechoslovak defensive border fortifications - World War II (called also "Czech Maginot line") Bouda (booth) with branching infantry underground system including barracks, and other underground facilities (casemats), such as command posts resp. Tactical Operations Centers, munition storrage, munition workshops, field clinic, engine rooms, underground railway, ventilation and filtration system, artesian wells etc.</p><br>
<p>The Howard K. Weber House is a historic house located at 925 South 7th Street in Springfield, Illinois. While the house was built in the 1840s, its current design comes from a series of additions and renovations which began in 1878. However artifacts discovered in the basement date around the 1820s. Howard K. Weber, a prominent local banker, started this renovation process shortly after buying the house. The house&#39;s new design was primarily Italianate, as the style was then nationally popular; its influence can be seen in the asymmetrical plan, the low hip roof with a bracketed cornice, and the arched windows. The house also exhibits a late Victorian influence in its more detailed elements, particularly the first-floor bay windows and the Gothic moldings on the second floor.</p><br>
<p>The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on October 1, 1979.</p><br>
<p>Windsor War Memorial Park is a heritage-listed park with war memorial at 311 Lutwyche Road, Windsor, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was built in 1925. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Windsor War Memorial was erected on behalf of the citizens of the Town of Windsor to commemorate local residents who had served in the First World War. It was unveiled on Anzac Day, 25 April 1925 by Charles Taylor, the Member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly for Windsor. William Jolly, Mayor of Brisbane, and Henry Bond, mayor of the Town of Windsor were also in attendance.</p><br>
<p>Costing around £1,300, the memorial was based on an initial concept by ex-alderman McDonald. It was constructed by contractor Peter Frew to a design prepared by honorary architects Francis Richard Hall and WA Devereux.</p><br>
<p>The octagonal pavilion is rare among Queensland&#39;s First World War memorials. Yeronga War Memorial (1921) is its closest Brisbane equivalent.</p><br>
<p>The surrounding park existed prior to the construction of the memorial. It was the site of the former Bowen Bridge State School from 1865 until the latter burnt down about 1914, after which the school reserve was ceded unofficially to the Windsor Town Council for park use. Despite landscaping, erection of the memorial, and public recognition of the Windsor Memorial Park, it was not declared a park reserve until 1930.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Windsor War Memorial stands on the highest point of a park situated between Lutwyche Road and Roblane Street, Windsor.</p><br>
<p>The memorial is an octagonal, pavilion-type structure and is constructed of brown Helidon sandstone. It rests on a wide podium of locally quarried Brisbane tuff, with steps at each face.</p><br>
<p>The memorial has arches on four sides, and on the external corner panels are inscribed the names, originally gilt, of those who died in the war. Inscribed lettering forms a frieze around the entablature, and the whole is surmounted by a cupola and a bronze lantern with a red electric light.</p><br>
<p>Inside, the concrete floor is painted red and blue, and features a leaded marble commemorative plaque in the centre. The circular ceiling is ornamented with a moulded laurel wreath.</p><br>
<p>The area immediately surrounding the memorial has been asphalted, but the remainder of the park is grassed and planted with large, mature trees and shrubs. Pink oleanders form a hedge along Lutwyche Road, above stone retaining walls.</p><br>
<p>Apart from the removal of an inter-war timber bandstand, both park and memorial remain substantially intact. They retain a prominent position in the Windsor townscape, standing on a principal arterial entry to the city and adjacent to the former Windsor Town Council Chambers (1896–1897).</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Windsor War Memorial Park was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Windsor War Memorial Park is significant as a member of a class of commemorative structures erected as a record of the local impact of a major historical event and intended to endure.</p><br>
<p>Windsor War Memorial Park is significant as a rare and intact example of pavilion-type war memorial.</p><br>
<p>Windsor War Memorial Park is significant for its landmark quality and contribution to the Windsor townscape.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>Windsor War Memorial Park is significant as a rare and intact example of pavilion-type war memorial.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>Windsor War Memorial Park is significant as a member of a class of commemorative structures erected as a record of the local impact of a major historical event and intended to endure.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>Windsor War Memorial Park is significant for its landmark quality and contribution to the Windsor townscape.</p><br>
<p>Downtown Greensboro Historic District is a national historic district located at Greensboro, Guilford County, North Carolina. The district encompasses 96 contributing buildings in the central business district of Greensboro. The commercial buildings were built between about 1885 and the 1930s in a variety of popular architectural styles including Italianate and Art Deco. Located in the district is the separately listed Jefferson Standard Building. Other notable buildings include the Vanstory Building , Kress Building , Woolworths , Efrids Department Store , Montgomery Ward , the Carolina Theatre , Center Theatre , the former Belk Building , Ellis Stone/Thalhimers Department , and the former American Exchange National Bank Building . The Woolworths store is notable as the site of the Greensboro sit-ins of 1960.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982, with a reevaluation in 2003.</p><br>
